다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

1 Why develop an ontology? In recent years the development of ontologies—explicit formal specifications of the terms in the domain and relations among them (Gruber 1993)—has been moving from the realm of ArtificialIntelligence laboratories to the desktops of domain experts. Ontologies have become common on the World-Wide Web. The ontologies on the Web range from large taxonomies categorizing Web sites (such as on Yahoo!) to categorizations of products for sale and their features (such as on Amazon.com). The WWW Consortium (W3C) is developing the Resource Description Framework (Brickley and Guha 1999), a language for encoding knowledge on Web pages to make it understandable to electronic agents searching for information. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), in conjunction with the W3C, is developing DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) by extending RDF with more expressive constructs aimed at facilitating agent interaction on the Web (Hendler and McGuinness 2000). Many disciplines now develop standardized ontologies that domain experts can use to share and annotate information in their fields. Medicine, for example, has produced large, standardized, structured vocabularies such as SNOMED (Price and Spackman 2000) and the semantic network of the Unified Medical Language System (Humphreys and Lindberg 1993). Broad general-purpose ontologies are emerging as well. For example, the United Nations Development Program and Dun & Bradstreet combined their efforts to develop the UNSPSC ontology which provides terminology for products and services (www.unspsc.org). An ontology defines a common vocabulary for researchers who need to share information in a domain. It includes machine-interpretable definitions of basic concepts in the domain and relations among them. Why would someone want to develop an ontology? Some of the reasons are:

/pdf/ontology-development-101-a-guide-to-creating-your-first-2c6x0j449d.pdf

Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology

This paper is intended to serve as a comprehensive introduction to the emerging field concerned with the design and use of ontologies. We observe that disparate backgrounds, languages, tools and techniques are a major barrier to effective communication among people, organisations and/or software understanding (i.e. an “ontology”) in a given subject area, can improve such communication, which in turn, can give rise to greater reuse and sharing, inter-operability, and more reliable software. After motivating their need, we clarify just what ontologies are and what purpose they serve. We outline a methodology for developing and evaluating ontologies, first discussing informal techniques, concerning such issues as scoping, handling ambiguity, reaching agreement and producing definitions. We then consider the benefits and describe, a more formal approach. We re-visit the scoping phase, and discuss the role of formal languages and techniques in the specification, implementation and evalution of ontologies. Finally, we review the state of the art and practice in this emerging field, considering various case studies, software tools for ontology development, key research issues and future prospects.

/pdf/ontologies-principles-methods-and-applications-13omx3se4e.pdf

Ontologies: principles, methods and applications

This paper gives an overview of the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in recent years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE and PROTEGE-II. This description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods and ontologies. We conclude by outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.

/pdf/knowledge-engineering-principles-and-methods-6do1hbj75r.pdf

Knowledge engineering: principles and methods

The {W}eb {O}ntology {L}anguage {OWL} is a semantic markup language for publishing and sharing ontologies on the {W}orld {W}ide {W}eb. {OWL} is developed as a vocabulary extension of {RDF} (the {R}esource {D}escription {F}ramework) and is derived from the {DAML}+{OIL} {W}eb {O}ntology {L}anguage. {T}his document contains a structured informal description of the full set of {OWL} language constructs and is meant to serve as a reference for {OWL} users who want to construct {OWL} ontologies.

OWL Web Ontology Language - Reference

Researchers in artificial intelligence first developed ontologies to facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse. Ontologies play a major role in supporting information exchange across various networks. A prerequisite for such a role is the development of a joint standard for specifying and exchanging ontologies. The authors present OIL, a proposal for such a standard. Ontologies applied to the World Wide Web are creating the Semantic Web.

/pdf/oil-an-ontology-infrastructure-for-the-semantic-web-x559idxdq7.pdf

OIL: an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web

XML and RDF are the current standards for establishing semantic interoperability on the Web, but XML addresses only document structure. RDF better facilitates interoperation because it provides a data model that can be extended to address sophisticated ontology representation techniques. We explain the role of ontologies in the architecture of the Semantic Web. We then briefly summarize key elements of XML and RDF, showing why using XML as a tool for semantic interoperability will be ineffective in the long run. We argue that a further representation and inference layer is needed on top of the Web's current layers, and to establish such a layer, we propose a general method for encoding ontology representation languages into RDF/RDF schema. We illustrate the extension method by applying it to Ontology Interchange Language, an ontology representation and inference language.

/pdf/the-semantic-web-the-roles-of-xml-and-rdf-336u4s9xca.pdf

The Semantic Web: the roles of XML and RDF

The Web has drastically changed the availability of electronic information, but its success and exponential growth have made it increasingly difficult to find, access, present and maintain such information for a wide variety of users. In reaction to this bottleneck many new research initiatives and commercial enterprises have been set up to enrich available information with machine-processable semantics. The paper considers how the semantic Web will provide intelligent access to heterogeneous and distributed information, enabling software products (agents) to mediate between user needs and available information sources. The paper discusses the Resource Description Framework, XML and other languages.

The semantic Web and its languages

In this column, we describe two concrete examples of stream-reasoning applications and introduce stream-reasoning research problems. We also present a list of research areas that we believe should be investigated to turn stream reasoning into a reality.

/pdf/it-s-a-streaming-world-reasoning-upon-rapidly-changing-2qm2uqqgyb.pdf

F.A.H. van Harmelen

Papers

OWL Web Ontology Language - Reference

OIL: an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web: the roles of XML and RDF

The semantic Web and its languages

It's a Streaming World! Reasoning upon Rapidly Changing Information