抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Rapid improvements in sequencing and array-based platforms are resulting in a flood of diverse genome-wide data, including data from exome and whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic surveys, expression profiling of coding and noncoding RNAs, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number profiling, and functional assays. Analysis of these large, diverse data sets holds the promise of a more comprehensive understanding of the genome and its relation to human disease. Experienced and knowledgeable human review is an essential component of this process, complementing computational approaches. This calls for efficient and intuitive visualization tools able to scale to very large data sets and to flexibly integrate multiple data types, including clinical data. However, the sheer volume and scope of data pose a significant challenge to the development of such tools.

Integrative Genomics Viewer

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular programme that is known to be crucial for embryogenesis, wound healing and malignant progression. During EMT, cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions are remodelled, which leads to the detachment of epithelial cells from each other and the underlying basement membrane, and a new transcriptional programme is activated to promote the mesenchymal fate. In the context of neoplasias, EMT confers on cancer cells increased tumour-initiating and metastatic potential and a greater resistance to elimination by several therapeutic regimens. In this Review, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms and roles of EMT in normal and neoplastic tissues, and the cell-intrinsic signals that sustain expression of this programme. We also highlight how EMT gives rise to a variety of intermediate cell states between the epithelial and the mesenchymal state, which could function as cancer stem cells. In addition, we describe the contributions of the tumour microenvironment in inducing EMT and the effects of EMT on the immunobiology of carcinomas. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial for embryogenesis, wound healing and cancer development, and confers greater resistance to cancer therapies. This Review discusses the mechanisms of EMT and its roles in normal and neoplastic tissues, the contribution of cell-intrinsic signals and the microenvironment to inducing EMT, and its effects on the immunobiology of carcinomas.

New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer

Human gut microbiome composition is shaped by multiple factors but the relative contribution of host genetics remains elusive. Here we examine genotype and microbiome data from 1,046 healthy individuals with several distinct ancestral origins who share a relatively common environment, and demonstrate that the gut microbiome is not significantly associated with genetic ancestry, and that host genetics have a minor role in determining microbiome composition. We show that, by contrast, there are significant similarities in the compositions of the microbiomes of genetically unrelated individuals who share a household, and that over 20% of the inter-person microbiome variability is associated with factors related to diet, drugs and anthropometric measurements. We further demonstrate that microbiome data significantly improve the prediction accuracy for many human traits, such as glucose and obesity measures, compared to models that use only host genetic and environmental data. These results suggest that microbiome alterations aimed at improving clinical outcomes may be carried out across diverse genetic backgrounds.

Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota

저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

Multi-objective optimization of series system for heat recovery: Technical and economic tradeoff

Diagnosis and detection of progression of glaucoma remains challenging. Artificial intelligence–based tools have the potential to improve and standardize the assessment of glaucoma but development of these algorithms is difficult given the multimodal and variable nature of the diagnosis. Currently, most algorithms are focused on a single imaging modality, specifically screening and diagnosis based on fundus photos or optical coherence tomography images. Use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography and goniophotographs is limited. The majority of algorithms designed for disease progression prediction are based on visual fields. No studies in our literature search assessed the use of artificial intelligence for treatment response prediction and no studies conducted prospective testing of their algorithms. Additional challenges to the development of artificial intelligence–based tools include scarcity of data and a lack of consensus in diagnostic criteria. Although research in the use of artificial intelligence for glaucoma is promising, additional work is needed to develop clinically usable tools. 

Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in Glaucoma

High-temperature piezoelectric devices require piezoelectric ceramics with high Curie temperatures and high-temperature stability of piezoelectric properties to avoid the depolarization of piezoelectric ceramics during application. However, piezoelectric materials with high Curie temperatures usually have restrained piezoelectric properties. Crystallographic orientation via texture engineering is a practicable way to improve piezoelectric performance. Here, we propose a sintering-aid-assisted template grain growth strategy to texture BiScO3-PbTiO3 ceramics to overcome the low orientation issue that challenges the texturing of BS-PT for decades. By judiciously selecting B2O3-CuO as sintering aids, we fabricated highly ⟨001⟩-textured 0.43BS-0.57PT ceramics with Logtering factors >99.0% that possess high piezoelectric coefficients d33 of 474–612 pC/N while maintaining relatively high Curie temperatures of 370–402 °C. Importantly, this work addresses a long-standing issue presented in BS-PT ceramics, i.e., the low electromechanical coupling property of BS-PT ceramics (k33 < 0.70) by improving the electromechanical coupling factor k33 to 81.2%. The newly designed textured BS-PT ceramics are thought to be promising candidates for the design of high-temperature piezoelectric transducers and actuators.

https://pubs.aip.org/aip/apl/article-pdf/doi/10.1063/5.0155458/17936625/222903_1_5.0155458.pdf

Textured BiScO3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics with both high electromechanical coupling factor and high curie temperature

When the valve metal is used as anode material, the dielectric properties of sol–gel-derived thin film are greatly enhanced. That is because anodized self-healing occurs at the interface of the anode and the thin film. An oxide insulating layer with a good dielectric property is generated. Anodization heals the defects and the breakdown spots of thin film. Other than anodized self-healing, electrode contact is also an important factor, affecting the dielectric characteristics of the thin film capacitor, which cannot be ignored, especially when both factors exist in one film device. In this study, the sol–gel-derived strontium titanate thin film is used as dielectric material in the film capacitor, and platinum and aluminum as electrode materials. We find that the Schottky barrier at the interface of platinum and strontium titanate greatly reduces the leakage current. However the interface barrier restricts the anodizing of aluminum electrode and the further enhancement of the dielectric strength of the thin film capacitor.

The influence of electrode contact on the anodization of Pt/sol–gel derived SrTiO3 thin film/Al capacitor


 目的： 报告一种精准放置管腔内负压引流管的方法。 方法： 两例食管胃结合部腺癌患者分别为47岁女性（病例1）和67岁男性（病例2），分别因“上腹部不适3个月”和“上腹部不适1年”于2019年10月和2019年11月就诊于兰州大学第一医院肿瘤外科；胃镜活检病理分别显示为中分化腺癌和低分化腺癌；病例2的CT诊断结果示胃恶性肿瘤伴小网膜囊淋巴结转移。两例患者均行全胃切除术+食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术+D2淋巴结清扫术，术中放置腹腔引流管至食管空肠吻合口下方。病例1在术后第5天拔除腹腔引流管，术后第6天拔除鼻肠管，术后第7天出现发热，最高体温40.0℃，术后第8天透视下确定为EJAL，并精准放置漏口内负压引流管，见图3。病例2术后第5天发热，体温38.6℃，腹腔引流液颜色浑浊并分层，约1 000 ml，引流液淀粉酶为13 000 U/L。当天透视下确定为EJAL，同时精准放置漏口内引流管，持续腹腔引流，营养和抗感染治疗。精准放置引流管的方法：透视下放置漏口内负压引流管至尖端离漏口3 cm左右；注入泛影葡胺，精准调整使引流管侧孔靠近漏口，负压吸引。观察指标：观察漏口内引流管引流液的颜色、引流量；观察患者的体温变化；记录抗生素使用时间、漏愈合时间、住院总费用。 结果： 两例患者均顺利完成精准放置漏口内负压引流管，病例1和病例2放置该引流管后分别间断发热6 d和5 d；漏口内引流量第1天分别为300 ml和400 ml，患者2第2天引流量不足200 ml；发生漏后使用抗生素时间分别为10 d和6 d；分别于第24天和第14天诊断为漏口愈合，并恢复饮食；住院总费用分别为61 297元和63 942元。病例1随访30个月，健康状况良好；病例2随访8个月，因肿瘤转移死亡。 结论： 对于EJAL，精准放置漏口内引流管能够较大程度的减少肠液流入腹腔、减轻感染、加快愈合，方法简便且易于推广。.


Fei Li

Papers

Multi-objective optimization of series system for heat recovery: Technical and economic tradeoff

Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in Glaucoma

Textured BiScO3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics with both high electromechanical coupling factor and high curie temperature

The influence of electrode contact on the anodization of Pt/sol–gel derived SrTiO3 thin film/Al capacitor

[Effect of precise placement of suction drainage on esophagojejunal anastomotic leakage].