G. Reed, Introduction. K.L. Parkin, General Characteristics of Enzymes. K.L. Parkin, Environmental Effects in Enzyme Activity. J Wegstein, Modern Methods of Enzyme Expression and Design. P. Aldercreutz, Immobilization. R. Bigelis, Carbohydrates. J. Adler-Nissen, Proteases. S.E. Godtfredsen, Lipases and Esterases. F. Hammer, Oxidoreductoses. T. Szakucki, Application of Oxidoreductases. B. Sproessler, Milling and Baking. R.E. Hebeda, Starches, Sugars, And Syrup. R.J. Brown, Dairy Products. W. Pilmik, Pectic Enzymes in Fruit and Vegetable Juice Manufacture. T. Nagodawithana, Flavor Enhancers. J.-C. Villettaz, Wine. J. Power, Beer. D. Bernnachi, Enzymes for Meat Tenderization. G. Stafansson, Fish Processing.

Enzymes in Food Processing

The production of organic acids covers two aspects: first, the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis, and, second, the industrial process strategy adopted The review seeks to show the underlying biochemical similarities in the biosynthesis of organic acids and the resulting similarities in the commercial processes Two groups of acids are defined, those with a "long" biosynthetic path from glucose, involving much of the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and those acids with a "short pathway", essentially a biotransformation of glucose The regulation of the pathways and the future developments in metabolic control theory and genetic manipulations relating to them are considered The organisms used industrially are also limited, Aspergillus sp and Candida yeasts; again the underlying metabolic similarities lead to similar strategies for all the acids discussed

The production of organic acids.

https://people.duke.edu/~darmaleo/One%20fungus%20two%20morphotypes.pdf

Lichen chimeras: DNA analysis suggests that one fungus forms two morphotypes

After cellulose, chitin is the second most abundant renewable resource available in nature. Marine invertebrates and fungal biomass are the two main sources of chitinous waste, which is commercially exploited. The enzymes involved in chitin degradation have been particularly well studied. Such enzymes have applications in ultrastructural studies, in the preparation of chitooligosaccharides which show anti-tumour activity, as biocontrol agents and in single-cell protein production. Here, the contribution chitin enzymology can make to basic and applied research is discussed.

Chitinolytic enzymes: their contribution to basic and applied research.

In studies of the lysis of rabbit erythrocytes, red beet cells, andPenicillium notatum protoplasts by the potato glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine, the latter was consistently the more membrane-disruptive compound and erythrocytes the more susceptible cell type. A 1∶1 mixture of solanine and chaconine produced pronounced synergistic effects in all three test systems. In beet cells, such effects were apparent from an early stage of treatment and persisted over a period of several hours. With erythrocytes and fungal protoplasts, the synergism was maximal with mixtures containing approximately 70% chaconine, whereas with beet cells it peaked at approximately 40% chaconine. Synergistic interactions between solanine and chaconine also occurred with regard to cholesterol binding in vitro, with a maximum response corresponding to the 50% mixture. The implications of these findings for the nature and efficacy of chemical defense systems in plants are discussed.

Synergistic interaction between potato glycoalkaloidsα-solanine andα-chaconine in relation to destabilization of cell membranes: Ecological implications.

Fiona M. Mellon

Papers

Efficient protoplast isolation from fungi using commercial enzymes