The lion's share of bacteria in various environments cannot be cloned in the laboratory and thus cannot be sequenced using existing technologies. A major goal of single-cell genomics is to complement gene-centric metagenomic data with whole-genome assemblies of uncultivated organisms. Assembly of single-cell data is challenging because of highly non-uniform read coverage as well as elevated levels of sequencing errors and chimeric reads. We describe SPAdes, a new assembler for both single-cell and standard (multicell) assembly, and demonstrate that it improves on the recently released E+V-SC assembler (specialized for single-cell data) and on popular assemblers Velvet and SoapDeNovo (for multicell data). SPAdes generates single-cell assemblies, providing information about genomes of uncultivatable bacteria that vastly exceeds what may be obtained via traditional metagenomics studies. SPAdes is available online ( http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades ). It is distributed as open source software.

SPAdes, a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing ( 7th Annual SFAF Meeting, 2012)

The small (40S) subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes is believed to bind initially at the capped 5'-end of messenger RNA and then migrate, stopping at the first AUG codon in a favorable context for initiating translation. The first-AUG rule is not absolute, but there are rules for breaking the rule. Some anomalous observations that seemed to contradict the scanning mechanism now appear to be artifacts. A few genuine anomalies remain unexplained.

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The scanning model for translation: an update.

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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Hydrogel delivery systems can leverage therapeutically beneficial outcomes of drug delivery and have found clinical use. Hydrogels can provide spatial and temporal control over the release of various therapeutic agents, including small-molecule drugs, macromolecular drugs and cells. Owing to their tunable physical properties, controllable degradability and capability to protect labile drugs from degradation, hydrogels serve as a platform in which various physiochemical interactions with the encapsulated drugs control their release. In this Review, we cover multiscale mechanisms underlying the design of hydrogel drug delivery systems, focusing on physical and chemical properties of the hydrogel network and the hydrogel-drug interactions across the network, mesh, and molecular (or atomistic) scales. We discuss how different mechanisms interact and can be integrated to exert fine control in time and space over the drug presentation. We also collect experimental release data from the literature, review clinical translation to date of these systems, and present quantitative comparisons between different systems to provide guidelines for the rational design of hydrogel delivery systems.

/pdf/designing-hydrogels-for-controlled-drug-delivery-3k03j5j2j9.pdf

Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery.

Objective: Diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease (CD) from the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) were published in 1990. Since then, the autoantigen in CD, tissue transglutaminase, has been identified; the perception of CD has changed from that of a rather uncommon enteropathy to a common multiorgan disease strongly dependent on the haplotypes human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8; and CD-specific antibody tests have improved. Methods: A panel of 17 experts defined CD and developed new diagnostic criteria based on the Delphi process. Two groups of patients were defined with different diagnostic approaches to diagnose CD: children with symptoms suggestive of CD (group 1) and asymptomatic children at increased risk for CD (group 2). The 2004 National Institutes of Health/ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality report and a systematic literature search on antibody tests for CD in paediatric patients covering the years 2004 to 2009 was the basis for the evidence-based recommendations on CD-specific antibody testing. Results: In group 1, the diagnosis of CD is based on symptoms, positive serology, and histology that is consistent with CD. If immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase type 2 antibody titers are high (>10 times the upper limit of normal), then the option is to diagnose CD without duodenal biopsies by applying a strict protocol with further laboratory tests. In group 2, the diagnosis of CD is based on positive serology and histology. HLADQ2 and HLA-DQ8 testing is valuable because CD is unlikely if both haplotypes are negative. Conclusions: The aim of the new guidelines was to achieve a high diagnostic accuracy and to reduce the burden for patients and their families. The performance of these guidelines in clinical practice should be evaluated prospectively. (JPGN 2012;54: 136–160)

/pdf/european-society-for-pediatric-gastroenterology-hepatology-ixq9y86ymv.pdf

European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease

A fast method for a single-step fractionation of a number of tRNA methyltransferases fromSalmonella typhimurium is described. The method basically consists of ion-exchange chromatography on a phosphocellulose column and permits the separation of the enzymes forming mt6A, m1G, m5U, m7G. The enzyme fractions appear sufficiently purified to allow the estimation of some molecular and kinetic properties. The apparent KM for adenosylmethionine range between 1.5 to 3.2×10−5 M, whereas KM for undermethylated tRNA range between 3.1×10−5 M to 3.1×10−4 M. Glycerol gradient determination indicates the following Mr for the native proteins: 25×103, 40×103, 50×103 and 65×103 for m7G-, mt6A-, m1G- and m5U-forming enzymes, respectively. A complete analysis of methylated nucleosides formedin vivo inS. typhimurium has been obtained: it also allowed us to infer the pattern of the various tRNA methyltransferases for this prokaryote. The tRNA methyltransferase forming mt6A has been isolated for the first time from any type of cell.

Francesco Salvatore

Papers

Purification and properties of several transfer RNA methyltransferases fromS. typhimurium

Multivariate discriminant analysis of biochemical parameters for the differentiation of clinically confounding liver diseases

Novel deletion mutation in the cardiac sodium channel inactivation gate causes long QT syndrome.

The e19a2 bcr/abl breakpoint in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Serum Mn-superoxide dismutase in acute myocardial infarction.