This ebook is the first authorized digital version of Kernighan and Ritchie's 1988 classic, The C Programming Language (2nd Ed.). One of the best-selling programming books published in the last fifty years, "K&R" has been called everything from the "bible" to "a landmark in computer science" and it has influenced generations of programmers. Available now for all leading ebook platforms, this concise and beautifully written text is a "must-have" reference for every serious programmers digital library.

As modestly described by the authors in the Preface to the First Edition, this "is not an introductory programming manual; it assumes some familiarity with basic programming concepts like variables, assignment statements, loops, and functions. Nonetheless, a novice programmer should be able to read along and pick up the language, although access to a more knowledgeable colleague will help."

The C programming language

Editor's note:Today's integrated circuits are vulnerable to hardware Trojans, which are malicious alterations to the circuit, either during design or fabrication. This article presents a classification of hardware Trojans and a survey of published techniques for Trojan detection.

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A Survey of Hardware Trojan Taxonomy and Detection

The Internet is a major technological advancement reshaping not only our society but also that of universities worldwide. In light of this, universities have to capitalise on the Internet for teaching, and one progressive development of this is the use of online delivery methods. This paper draws upon the results of a survey conducted amongst students enrolled in one online management course at an Australian university. Three critical success factors in online delivery are identified: technology, the instructor and the previous use of the technology from a student’s perspective. We also argue that the lecturer will continue to play a central role in online education, albeit his or her role will become one of a learning catalyst and knowledge navigator.

Critical success factors in online education

Trusted IC design is a recently emerged topic since fabrication factories are moving worldwide in order to reduce cost. In order to get a low-cost but effective hardware trojan detection method to complement traditional testing methods, a new behavior-oriented category method is proposed to divide trojans into two categories: explicit payload trojan and implicit payload trojan. This categorization method makes it possible to construct trojan models and then lower the cost of testing. Path delays of nominal chips are collected to construct a series of fingerprints, each one representing one aspect of the total characteristics of a genuine design. Chips are validated by comparing their delay parameters to the fingerprints. The comparison of path delays makes small trojan circuits significant from a delay point of view. The experimentpsilas results show that the detection rate on explicit payload trojans is 100%, while this method should be developed further if used to detect implicit payload trojans.

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Hardware Trojan detection using path delay fingerprint

Security of a computer system has been traditionally related to the security of the software or the information being processed. The underlying hardware used for information processing has been considered trusted. The emergence of hardware Trojan attacks violates this root of trust. These attacks, in the form of malicious modifications of electronic hardware at different stages of its life cycle, pose major security concerns in the electronics industry. An adversary can mount such an attack with an objective to cause operational failure or to leak secret information from inside a chip-e.g., the key in a cryptographic chip, during field operation. Global economic trend that encourages increased reliance on untrusted entities in the hardware design and fabrication process is rapidly enhancing the vulnerability to such attacks. In this paper, we analyze the threat of hardware Trojan attacks; present attack models, types, and scenarios; discuss different forms of protection approaches, both proactive and reactive; and describe emerging attack modes, defenses, and future research pathways.

Hardware Trojan Attacks: Threat Analysis and Countermeasures

In this paper, we introduce the notion of process reliability based trojans which reduce the reliability of integrated circuits through malicious alterations of the manufacturing process conditions. In contrast to hardware/software trojans which either alter the circuitry or functionality of the IC respectively, the process reliability trojans appear as a result of alterations in the fabrication process steps. The reduction in reliability is caused by acceleration of the wearing out mechanisms for CMOS transistors, such as Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) or Hot Carrier Injection (HCI). The minor manufacturing process changes can result in creation of infected ICs with a much shorter lifetime that are difficult to detect. Such infected ICs fail prematurely and might lead to catastrophic consequences. The paper describes possible process alterations for both NBTI and HCI mechanisms that might result in creation of process reliability trojans. The paper also explores some possible detection techniques that can help identify the hidden trojans and discusses the various scenarios when process reliability based trojans lead to severe damages.

Process reliability based trojans through NBTI and HCI effects

We propose a new built-in current sensor (BICS) to detect single event upsets (SEUs) in SRAM. The BICS is designed and validated for 100 nm process technology. The BICS reliability analysis is provided for process, voltage and temperature variations, and power supply noise. The BICS detects various shapes of current pulses generated due to particle strike. The BICS power consumption and area overhead are also provided. The BICS is found to be very reliable for process, voltage and temperature variations and under stringent noise conditions.

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An Efficient BICS Design for SEUs Detection and Correction in Semiconductor Memories

A new approach to software reliability estimation is presented that combines operational testing with stratified sampling in order to reduce the number of program executions that must be checked manually for conformance to requirements. Automatic cluster analysis is applied to execution profiles in order to stratify captured operational executions. Experimental results are reported that suggest this approach can significantly reduce the cost of estimating reliability.

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Estimation of software reliability by stratified sampling

Current research into Trojan detection suggests that exhaustive Trojan detection in a chip during limited manufacturing test time is an extremely difficult problem. Indeed, an especially nefarious form of Trojan known as the time bomb has a payload activated in a delayed manner making it extremely hard to detect. As a result, chip trust detection at manufacturing test time may not be adequate especially for critical applications. This suggests that some form of dynamic trust detection of the chip both preliminary (possibly during a preproduction phase) and during in-field use at run time is required. We explore an approach to this problem that combines multicore hardware with dynamic distributed software scheduling to determine hardware trust during in-field use at run time. Our approach involves the scheduling and execution of functionally equivalent variants (obtained by different compilations, or different algorithm variations) simultaneously on different PEs and comparing the results. The process dynamically achieves trust determination by identifying the existence of Trojans with a high level of confidence.

Dynamic evaluation of hardware trust

The World Wide Web coupled with user friendly Web browsers now provide access to multimedia Web pages in universally accepted formats that can be accessed world wide easily via inexpensive desk-top computers. Everyone appears to agree that this technology will revolutionize how students, faculty, researchers, and the public access and use information. Consequently university educators are now enjoying, for the first time in history, a new way to customize and share their unique approaches to teaching and information resources in the form of text, graphics, and sound—to students both on and off campus and, with concern for the future, across time. In this paper we discuss our exploration with the use of interactive learning on the Web in an Introduction to C Programming Course taught in the Department of Computer and Information Science at Cleveland State University, and compare results with the same course taught a previous semester using no interactive WWW learning.

Francis Wolff

Papers

Process reliability based trojans through NBTI and HCI effects

An Efficient BICS Design for SEUs Detection and Correction in Semiconductor Memories

Estimation of software reliability by stratified sampling

Dynamic evaluation of hardware trust

An experiment with WWW interactive learning in university education