世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Ju Mei,†,‡,∥ Nelson L. C. Leung,†,‡,∥ Ryan T. K. Kwok,†,‡ Jacky W. Y. Lam,†,‡ and Ben Zhong Tang*,†,‡,§ †HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China ‡Department of Chemistry, HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Division of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Guangdong Innovative Research Team, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China

Aggregation-Induced Emission: Together We Shine, United We Soar!

Efforts to understand and mitigate the health effects of particulate matter (PM) air pollution have a rich and interesting history. This review focuses on six substantial lines of research that have been pursued since 1997 that have helped elucidate our understanding about the effects of PM on human health. There has been substantial progress in the evaluation of PM health effects at different time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the shape of the concentration-response function. There has also been emerging evidence of PM-related cardiovascular health effects and growing knowledge regarding interconnected general pathophysiological pathways that link PM exposure with cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Despite important gaps in scientific knowledge and continued reasons for some skepticism, a comprehensive evaluation of the research findings provides persuasive evidence that exposure to fine particulate air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonary health. Although much of this research has been motivated by environmental public health policy, these results have important scientific, medical, and public health implications that are broader than debates over legally mandated air quality standards.

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Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect

Objective. —To identify and quantify the major external (nongenetic) factors that contribute to death in the United States. Data Sources. —Articles published between 1977 and 1993 were identified through MEDLINE searches, reference citations, and expert consultation. Government reports and compilations of vital statistics and surveillance data were also obtained. Study Selection. —Sources selected were those that were often cited and those that indicated a quantitative assessment of the relative contributions of various factors to mortality and morbidity. Data Extraction. —Data used were those for which specific methodological assumptions were stated. A table quantifying the contributions of leading factors was constructed using actual counts, generally accepted estimates, and calculated estimates that were developed by summing various individual estimates and correcting to avoid double counting. For the factors of greatest complexity and uncertainty (diet and activity patterns and toxic agents), a conservative approach was taken by choosing the lower boundaries of the various estimates. Data Synthesis. —The most prominent contributors to mortality in the United States in 1990 were tobacco (an estimated 400000 deaths), diet and activity patterns (300 000), alcohol (100 000), microbial agents (90 000), toxic agents (60 000), firearms (35 000), sexual behavior (30 000), motor vehicles (25 000), and illicit use of drugs (20 000). Socioeconomic status and access to medical care are also important contributors, but difficult to quantify independent of the other factors cited. Because the studies reviewed used different approaches to derive estimates, the stated numbers should be viewed as first approximations. Conclusions. —Approximately half of all deaths that occurred in 1990 could be attributed to the factors identified. Although no attempt was made to further quantify the impact of these factors on morbidity and quality of life, the public health burden they impose is considerable and offers guidance for shaping health policy priorities. (JAMA. 1993;270:2207-2212)

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/JAMA/articlepdf/409171/jama_270_18_038.pdf

Actual causes of death in the United States.

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are known due to their mutagenic activity. Among them, 2-nitrobenzanthrone (2-NBA) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) are considered as two of the most potent mutagens found in atmospheric particles. In the present study 2-NBA, 3-NBA and selected PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were determined in fine particle samples (PM 2.5) collected in a bus station and an outdoor site. The fuel used by buses was a diesel-biodiesel (96:4) blend and light-duty vehicles run with any ethanol-to-gasoline proportion. The concentrations of 2-NBA and 3-NBA were, on average, under 14.8 µg g−1 and 4.39 µg g−1, respectively. In order to access the main sources and formation routes of these compounds, we performed ternary correlations and multivariate statistical analyses. The main sources for the studied compounds in the bus station were diesel/biodiesel exhaust followed by floor resuspension. In the coastal site, vehicular emission, photochemical formation and wood combustion were the main sources for 2-NBA and 3-NBA as well as the other PACs. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated for both places, which presented low values, showing low cancer risk incidence although the ILCR values for the bus station were around 2.5 times higher than the ILCR from the coastal site.

Occurrence of the potent mutagens 2- nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone in fine airborne particles

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL

Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals common in the environment. Major sources of PAHs include fossil fuel combustion and cigarette smoking. Certain PAHs are carcinogenic, though the degree to which genetic variation influences susceptibility to PAH exposure remains unclear. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a well-studied PAH that is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Here, we evaluated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency in genes related to PAH metabolism and detoxification, and explored the interactions between PAH exposure and SNPs on BaP-DNA adducts, an established cancer risk marker, in umbilical cord white blood cells (WBCs). Methods Maternal and umbilical cord blood were collected at delivery from participants in a longitudinal cohort study of Polish mothers and newborns in Krakow, Poland. WBC DNA was isolated from cord blood, and genetic polymorphisms and BaP-DNA cord adducts were then measured in 503 mothers and 445 newborns. Maternal PAH exposure was measured during pregnancy with a personal air exposure monitor. For this study 7 maternal and newborn genes related to PAH metabolism, detoxification and repair were selected for SNP analyses: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, GSTM3, GSTT2, NQO1 and XRCC1. SNP x PAH interactions on logarithmic (ln)-transformed BaP-DNA adduct levels were explored. Results We observed a number of significant interactions between high PAH exposure and SNPs in both mothers and newborns on BaP-DNA adducts in cord blood. For example, the interaction between a CYP1A2 SNP (rs2069514) and high PAH exposure on cord BaP-DNA adducts in newborns was significant (α=−1.34, p<0.01). We will present significant interaction results from analyses performed on both maternal and newborn CYP1A1, CYP1A2, GSTM3, GSTT2, NQO1 and XRCC1 SNPs. Discussion It is biologically plausible that an individual's abilities to metabolically activate and detoxify BaP and repair DNA damage play a role in susceptibility to DNA adduct formation following prenatal PAH exposure. Ultimately, this susceptibility could correlate with future risk of cancer development. Our findings of several SNP x PAH exposure interactions on cord BaP-DNA adducts support the hypothesis that genetic variability can contribute to susceptibility and potential cancer risk from prenatal PAH exposures.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2643. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2643

Abstract 2643: Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and genetic polymorphisms on benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adducts in a Polish cohort of mothers and newborns

Exhaled No Is Elevated With Exposure To Black Carbon And Dust Mite Allergen Among 7 And 8-Year-Old Children Living In High And Low Asthma Prevalence Neighborhoods In New York City

Housing instability is a thought to be a major influence on children's healthy growth and development. However, little is known about the factors that influence housing instability, limiting the identification of effective interventions. The goals of this study were to 1) explore factors, including material hardship, satisfaction with living conditions and housing disrepair, that predict housing instability (total number of moves that a child experienced in the first seven years); and 2) examine the relationship between housing instability and child behavior at age 7, measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. We analyzed these associations among children enrolled in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) Mothers and Newborns study. In our analysis, we found that housing disrepair predicted residential change after 3 years of age, but not before. Persistent material hardship over the seven-year time period from pregnancy through age 7 was associated with increased number of moves. Children who experienced more than three moves in the first 7 years had significantly more thought- and attention-related problems compared to children who experienced less than 3 moves over the same time period. Children who experienced more than 3 moves also had higher total and internalizing problem behavior scores, although these differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that housing instability is significantly associated with problem behavior in early childhood and that interventions to reduce socioeconomic strain may have the greatest impact in breaking the cycle of children's environmental health disparities related to housing instability.

Frederica P. Perera

Papers

Abstract 2643: Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and genetic polymorphisms on benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adducts in a Polish cohort of mothers and newborns

Exhaled No Is Elevated With Exposure To Black Carbon And Dust Mite Allergen Among 7 And 8-Year-Old Children Living In High And Low Asthma Prevalence Neighborhoods In New York City

Impact of Housing Instability on Child Behavior at Age 7 Years

Maternal Obesity and Dietary Intake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Pregnancy Jointly Affect Birth Weight

Impacts of climate change, and fossil fuel pollution on children’s health and brain development