Plants are a source of large amount of drugs comprising to different groups such as antispasmodics, emetics, anti-cancer, antimicrobials etc. A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people worldwide. It is now believed that nature has given the cure of every disease in one way or another. Plants have been known to relieve various diseases in Ayurveda. Therefore, the researchers today are emphasizing on evaluation and characterization of various plants and plant constituents against a number of diseases based on their traditional claims of the plants given in Ayurveda. Extraction of the bioactive plant constituents has always been a challenging task for the researchers. In this present review, an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain extractants and extraction processes with their advantages and disadvantages.

https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=52ecff43cf57d71b748b45c9&assetKey=AS%3A272427580362754%401441963204700

Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review

Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives

Standardization of drugs means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity. At present due to advancement in the chemical knowledge of crude drugs various methods like botanical, chemical, spectroscopic and biological methods are used for estimating active constituents present in the crude drugs in addition to its physical constants. Plants have been known to relieve various diseases in Ayurveda. Therefore, the researchers today are emphasizing on evaluation and characterization of various plants and plant constituents against a number of diseases based on their traditional claims of the plants given in Ayurveda. Extraction of the bioactive plant constituents has always been a challenging task for the researchers. In this present review, an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain extractants and extraction processes with their advantages and disadvantages.

https://www.phytojournal.com/vol2Issue5/Issue_jan_2014/11.pdf

Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug

Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, pigments, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils are a large group of plant-derived compounds commonly found in diets high in fruits, vegetables, beans and cereals. Plant remedies are closely linked to the maintenance of good health in the cultural heritage of many countries. Despite the potential benefits to health and performance as noted in various terrestrial animals, the use of phytochemicals in fish farming has rarely been investigated. Fish culture is under pressure to decrease the use of synthetic antibiotics and chemotherapeutics because of the risk caused to humans by chemical residues in food and by antibiotic resistance being passed on to human pathogens. Consequently, efforts are being made to exploit plants, plant extracts or natural plant compounds as potential alternatives to synthetic chemicals for the stimulation of immune responses and disease resistance in fish. The phytochemicals contained in herbs may enhance the innate immune system and possess antimicrobial capabilities that may be of immense use in fish culture without causing any environmental and/or hazardous problems. Most phytochemicals are redox active molecules that have anti-oxidant characteristics that may improve the general physiological condition of fish. This review discusses the results emanating from different studies related to the in vivo application of plants and/or phytochemicals in fish in relation to immunostimulation, antipathogenic and antistress activities. Special emphasis is given to the use of Chinese and Indian herbs as immunostimulants in different finfish species during culture and as antibacterial agents against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Application of phytochemicals as immunostimulant, antipathogenic and antistress agents in finfish culture

Similar to other industries, aquaculture constantly requires new techniques to increase production yields. Modern technologies and different scientific fields, such as biotechnology and microbiology, provide important tools that could lead to a higher quality and a greater quantity of products. New feeding practices in farming typically play an important role in aquaculture, and the addition of various additives to a balanced feed formula to achieve better growth is a common practice of many fish and shrimp feed manufacturers and farmers. As ‘bio-friendly agents’, immunostimulants, such as biological factors, probiotics and vitamins, can be introduced into the culture environment to control and kill pathogenic bacteria, as well as to promote growth of the cultured organisms. In addition, immunostimulants are non-pathogenic and non-toxic and do not produce undesirable side effects when administered to aquatic organisms. In this review, we summarize previous studies performed with both traditional immunostimulants and the most promising new generation of immunostimulants, such as polysaccharides, nutrients, oligosaccharides, herbs, microorganisms, prebiotics and different biological factors. This review primarily focuses on their protective efficacies and on what is known concerning their effects on the immune systems of aquatic organisms when delivered in vivo.

Application of immunostimulants in aquaculture: current knowledge and future perspectives

Anthelmintic activity of steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla

In vivo anthelmintic activity of five alkaloids from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus

Osthol and isopimpinellin from Fructus cnidii for the control of Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus.

The purpose of this work is to develop robust and interpretable quantitative structure”activity
relationship (QSAR) models for assessing the aquatic toxicity of phenols using a combined set of descriptors encompassing the logP and recently developed variables (Monconn-Z variables). The used dataset consists of 250 chemicals with toxicity data to the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. For each compound, a total of 197 physico-chemical descriptors including logP and Molconn-Z descriptors were calculated. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and Partial least squares (PLS) were used to obtain QSARs and the predictive performance of the proposed models were verified using external statistical validations. The results of stepwise-MLR analysis reveal that the AlogP, MlogP and ClogP models were not successful for the prediction of aquatic toxicity for all the compounds. And by using the logP (AlogP and MlogP) with Molconn-Z descriptors, the obtained QSARs were not successful enough nutill removal of some outliers. Two optimal QSARs were built with R2 of 0.71 and 0.70 for the training sets and the external validation Q2 of 0.69 and 0.68 respectively. All
these selected descriptors in the best models account for the hydrophobic (AlogP, MlogP) and other
electrotopological properties like SHCsatu, Scarboxylicacid, SHBa, gmax and nelem. PLS produces a good model using all the calculated descriptors with R2 of 0.78 and Q2 of 0.64, and hydrophobic and electrotopological descriptors show importance for the prediction of phenolic toxicity.

https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_450_ec228996176c4494a905abbfff11e153.pdf

Prediction of the aquatic toxicity of phenols to tetrahymena pyriformis from molecular descriptors

This study was undertaken to isolate active secondary metabolites from immunostimulatory Alcaligenes faecalis FY-3 and evaluate their activities using grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells By applying chromatography techniques and successive recrystallization, three purified metabolites were obtained and identified by spectral data (mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance) as: (1) phenylacetic acid, (2) p-hydroxyphenylacetylamide and (3) cyclo-(Gly-(L)-Pro) CIK cells were stimulated by different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) of the isolated compounds, and expression of MyD88, IL-1β, TNF-α, type I-IFN and IL-8 genes at different time points (2, 8 and 24 h) post-stimulation was quantified by real-time PCR The known immunostimulatory agent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a positive control To analyse whether these compounds are toxic to the cells, the methyl tetrazolium assay was employed to measure changes in cell viability The obtained results revealed that transcribing level of MyD88, an important adaptor molecule in toll-like receptor signalling pathway, was augmented remarkably by all the three isolated compounds and LPS as early as 2-h exposure These compounds also induced gene expression of cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α and type I-IFN Under the experimental conditions, none of the test compounds is toxic to the CIK cells These findings demonstrate that the immunostimulatory properties of the three metabolites [phenylacetic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetylamide and cyclo-(Gly-(L)-Pro)] from A faecalis FY-3 in CIK cells and highlight the potential of using these metabolites as immunostimulants in fish aquaculture

Induction of Immune‐related Gene Expression in Ctenopharyngodon idella Kidney Cells by Secondary Metabolites from Immunostimulatory Alcaligenes faecalis FY‐3

Gaoxue Wang

Papers

Anthelmintic activity of steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla

In vivo anthelmintic activity of five alkaloids from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus

Osthol and isopimpinellin from Fructus cnidii for the control of Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus.

Prediction of the aquatic toxicity of phenols to tetrahymena pyriformis from molecular descriptors

Induction of Immune‐related Gene Expression in Ctenopharyngodon idella Kidney Cells by Secondary Metabolites from Immunostimulatory Alcaligenes faecalis FY‐3