Garima Sharma

TL;DR: The least invasive routes for ocular drug administration are topical (e.g. eyedrops) and systemic formulations as discussed by the authors, however, topical drugs often display limited bioavailability due to many physical and biochemical barriers including the pre-corneal tear film, the structure and biophysiologic properties of the cornea, the limited volume that can be accommodated by the cul-desac, the lacrimal drainage system and reflex tearing.

TL;DR: Drug delivery to the posterior segment is a greater challenge and, currently, the standard route is via intravitreal injection, notwithstanding the risks of endophthalmitis and retinal detachment with frequent injections.

TL;DR: Thermal ink-jet spray freeze-drying was used to produce inhalable particles of terbutaline sulphate, the aerosolisation properties of which were compared to the commercial Bricanyl formulation, showing that TIJ-SFD is a useful tool to predict the viability of a DPI formulation during preformulation physicochemical characterisation.

TL;DR: Current strategies used to formulate pharmaceutical proteins in the solid form are highlighted and future perspectives in solid-state protein formulation are described.