CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors

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Handbook of Optical Materials

A new type of wavelength-modulation laser spectroscopy is accomplished by utilizing an external phase modulator driven at radio frequencies large compared to the width of the spectral feature of interest. The spectral feature is probed by a single frequency-modulated (FM) sideband, and the associated absorption and dispersion are measured by monitoring the resulting radio-frequency beat signal. Experimental results are presented for the measurement of Fabry–Perot resonances, I2 vapor absorption lines, and saturation holes in Na vapor.

Frequency-modulation spectroscopy: a new method for measuring weak absorptions and dispersions.

The current status of organic low-molecular weight and polymeric materials for third-order nonlinear optics is reviewed. The importance of organic materials lies in their promise of large nonlinear optical figure of merit, high optical damage thresholds, ultrafast optical responses, architectural flexibility, and ease of fabrication. Organic materials exhibiting interesting third-order nonlinear optical properties are discussed to illustrate the importance of structure–property correlations. Results on emerging organic materials that include liquids, dyes, fullerenes, charge-transfer complexes, π-conjugated polymers, dye-grafted polymers, organometallic compounds, composites, and liquid crystals are presented. Organic nonlinear optical materials seem promising for a wide range of applications and their potential for integrated optics should be further explored.

Organic Materials for Third‐Order Nonlinear Optics

The authors review progress in the application of nonlinear optical phenomena to integrated optics. Essentially all integrated optics devices such as directional couplers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, prism couplers, etc., can be used for all-optical signal processing when at least one of the waveguiding media exhibits an intensity-dependent refractive index. Experimental and theoretical results on the operating characteristics and figures of merit of such devices, as well as a new class of phenomena based on large nonlinear changes in waveguide properties will be summarized. Also discussed are measurement techniques for evaluating waveguide nonlinearities. Progress in the implementation of other nonlinear third order interactions, such as degenerate four-wave mixing and nonlinear spectroscopy, will also be reviewed. >

Third order nonlinear integrated optics

General correlations between van der Waals interaction potential parameters and polarizabilities of the interacting neutral–neutral partners of any nature are presented and discussed. To ensure the full applicability of the correlations, an evaluation of the long‐range interaction constants is performed in terms of the Slater–Kirkwood approximation whose numerical coefficients, having the meaning of effective electron numbers, are estimated interpolating the values deduced by theoretical considerations. The values of the long‐range constants so obtained are compared satisfactorily with the available experimental ones. The correlations are tested successfully over practically all systems characterized experimentally. Their use to predict the parameters of unknown systems is suggested.

Generalized correlations in terms of polarizability for van der Waals interaction potential parameter calculations

Degenerate four‐wave mixing of tunable dye laser pulses in good optical quality single crystal platelets of poly bis(p‐toluene sulfonate) of 2, 4‐hexadiyne‐1, 6 diol (PTS) polydiacetylene was used to measure the spectral and temporal dependence of the material’s third order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3). For the wavelength range measured ‖χ(3)‖ varied from 9×10−9 esu at 6515 A to 5×10−10 esu at 7015 A. The material’s response time was determined to be less than the optical pulse width (≂6 ps) over this wavelength range.

Time and wavelength resolved nonlinear optical spectroscopy of a polydiacetylene in the solid state using picosecond dye laser pulses

The temporal response of the third‐order nonlinear optical susceptibility in poly bis( p‐toluene sulfonate) of 2,4‐hexadiyne‐1,6 diol was determined by time‐resolved degenerate four‐wave mixing using tunable dye laser pulses with 300 fs duration. In the material’s absorption region these experiments were combined with saturated absorption techniques yielding a measurement for the excited state lifetime of 1.8 ps. Off resonance the nonlinear response was determined to be optical pulse width limited.

Nonlinear optical processes in a polydiacetylene measured with femtosecond duration laser pulses

Differential Scattering of Na 3S 12 and 3P 32 from Ne: Determination of Ground- and Excited-State Potentials for NaNe

Degenerate four-wave mixing experiments (along with saturated absorption experiments) were carried out in and below the excitonic-state resonance in polydiacetylenes. A self-consistent analysis of the data was obtained with a two (electronic) level molecularlike model. The excitonic-state lifetime was determined to be 1.8 psec, and an initial excited-state process with a 100-fsec time constant was resolved. The time constant of the nonresonant third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility was determined to be less than the resolution of the four-wave mixing experiment, -300 fsec, which was limited by the optical pulse duration.

Excited-state dynamics and temporally resolved nonresonant nonlinear-optical processes in polydiacetylenes

An optical waveguide coupling device which can perform switching functions by changing input light intensity, and associated method of construction thereof, in which the device comprises a base substrate etched to provide an optical grating having a predetermined grating period and amplitude. A thin metal film is deposited on the grating. Subsequently, a polymer film is deposited over the thin metal film, thus forming an optical waveguide. The field for the waveguide mode is nearly zero at the metal-polymer film interface, thus eliminating the loss of energy in the thin metal film. The metal film, in essence, reflects the input beam so that substantially no energy is lost via transmission through the thin metal film and thus all available energy is for coupling into the waveguide mode.

Gary M. Carter

Papers

Time and wavelength resolved nonlinear optical spectroscopy of a polydiacetylene in the solid state using picosecond dye laser pulses

Nonlinear optical processes in a polydiacetylene measured with femtosecond duration laser pulses

Differential Scattering of Na 3S 12 and 3P 32 from Ne: Determination of Ground- and Excited-State Potentials for NaNe

Excited-state dynamics and temporally resolved nonresonant nonlinear-optical processes in polydiacetylenes

Optical waveguide coupling device