So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Chem. Pharm. Bull.(オピニオン)

https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/228275/D8E53094-D19C-4E63-8DDC-1A8732719703.pdf

Big data analytics: Understanding its capabilities and potential benefits for healthcare organizations

Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans (Glycine max. L.) [Egypt].

Biocatalytic potential of microorganisms have been employed for centuries to produce bread, wine, vinegar and other common products without understanding the biochemical basis of their ingredients. Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries and medicine owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes. The use of enzymes in various industries (e.g., food, agriculture, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals) is increasing rapidly due to reduced processing time, low energy input, cost effectiveness, nontoxic and eco-friendly characteristics. Microbial enzymes are capable of degrading toxic chemical compounds of industrial and domestic wastes (phenolic compounds, nitriles, amines etc.) either via degradation or conversion. Here in this review, we highlight and discuss current technical and scientific involvement of microorganisms in enzyme production and their present status in worldwide enzyme market.

/pdf/microbial-enzymes-industrial-progress-in-21st-century-452o5s7dqu.pdf

Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century

Qualitative screening of alkalo-thermophilic cellulase free xylano-pectinolytic microorganisms was done on agricultural residues. Since xylan is an expensive substrate for the isolation of xylanase producing microorganisms, the possibility of using wheat bran for screening of these microorganisms was investigated. Screening was carried out on wheat bran for the selection of xylanolytic microorganisms, on waste paper for the evaluation of cellulase free xylanolytic microorganisms, and on citrus peel for screening of pectinolytic microorganisms. Qualitative analysis of xylanase, pectinase and cellulase activities depicted that the zones obtained on nutrient agar medium containing agricultural residues were apparent and comparable with the zones obtained on nutrient agar medium containing commercial substrates. A strategy of using cost effective wheat-bran, wastepaper and citrus-peel for the isolation of cellulase free xylano-pectinolytic microorganisms is a novel and promising method and will ultimately bring down the cost of screening of these enzyme producing microorganisms.

A novel and cost effective methodology for qualitative screening of alkalo-thermophilic cellulase free xylano-pectinolytic microorganisms using agricultural wastes

Two stage statistical design was used to optimize xylanase production from Bacillus pumilus ASH under solid-state fermentation. Initially, Plackett–Burman designing (PB) was used for the selection of crucial production parameters. Peptone, yeast extract, incubation time, moisture level and pH were found to be the crucial factors for the xylanase production. Crucial variables were further processed through central composite designing (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the xylanase yield. Each significant factor was investigated at five different levels to study their influence on enzyme production. Statistical approach resulted in 2.19-fold increase in xylanase yield over conventional strategy. The determination coefficient (R2) as shown by analysis of variance (ANOVA) was 0.9992, which shows the adequate credibility of the model. Potential of cellulase-free xylanase was further investigated for biobleaching of wheat straw pulp. Xylanase aided bleaching through XCDED1D2 sequence resulted in 20 and 17% reduction in chlorine and chlorine dioxide consumption as compared to control. Significant increase in pulp brightness (%ISO), whiteness and improvement in various pulp properties was also observed.

Xylanase production using agro-residue in solid-state fermentation from Bacillus pumilus ASH for biodelignification of wheat straw pulp

Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of infectious deaths globally. Many effective conventional antimycobacterial drugs have been available, however, emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has overshadowed the effectiveness of the current first and second line drugs. Further, currently available agents are complicated by serious side effects, drug interactions and long-term administration. This has prompted urgent research efforts in the discovery and development of new anti-tuberculosis agent(s). Several families of compounds are currently being explored for the treatment of tuberculosis. This review article presents an account of the existing chemotherapeutics and highlights the therapeutic potential of emerging molecules that are at different stages of development for the management of tuberculosis disease.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/5/7/690/pdf

Chemotherapeutic Interventions Against Tuberculosis

Pulses are the chief source of protein to meet the nutritional requirement of the masses in the world. Pulses have 20 to 25% protein by weight, which is twice in comparison to wheat and thrice in comparison to rice. Nutrition scientists emphasize the value of pulses as a source of protein and fibre. Biological nitrogen fixation is an important aspect of sustainable and environment friendly agriculture and role of pulses in this context hardly need any emphasis. Legumes, besides helping in maintaining the soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, are major source of protein for human consumption and provide high quality crop residue for animal feed. Mungbean which is also known as green gram is one of the important pulse crops in India. It is cheap and rich source of vegetable protein and commonly used as supplement to the normal diet. Mungbean occupies an important position due to its high seed protein content (22-24%) and it has the ability to restore the soil fertility through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Malik, 1994). It is rich in essential amino acids specially lysine, which is deficient in most of the cereal grains. Being a short duration crop, it fits well into the intensive rice–wheat cropping system of IndoGangetic plains of India (Brar et al., 2004). It International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 2166-2173 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

In order to reduce the ecotoxicity of paper mill, four different enzymatic pretreatment strategies were investigated in comparison to conventional chemical based processes. In strategy I, xylanase-aided pretreatment of pulp was carried out, and in strategy II, xylanase and laccase-mediator systems were used sequentially. Moreover, to compare the efficiency of Bacillus stearothermophilus xylanase and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora laccase in the reduction of ecotoxicity and pollution, parallel strategies (III and IV) were implemented using commercial enzymes. Conventional CDEOPD1D2 (CD, Cl2 with ClO2; EOP, H2O2 extraction; D1 and D2, ClO2) and X/XLCDEOPD1D2 (X, xylanase; L, laccase) sequences were employed with non-enzymatic and enzymatic strategies, respectively. Acute toxicity was determined by the extent of inhibition of bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri with different dilutions of the effluent. Two-fold increase was observed in EC50 values for strategy I compared to the control process. On the other hand, sequential application of commercial enzymes resulted in higher acute toxicity compared to lab enzymes. In comparison to the control process, strategy II was the most efficient and successfully reduced 60.1 and 25.8% of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and color of effluents, respectively. We report for the first time the comparative analysis of the ecotoxicity of industrial effluents.

/pdf/reduction-in-acute-ecotoxicity-of-paper-mill-effluent-by-1uyihb4xm7.pdf

Gaurav Garg

Papers

A novel and cost effective methodology for qualitative screening of alkalo-thermophilic cellulase free xylano-pectinolytic microorganisms using agricultural wastes

Xylanase production using agro-residue in solid-state fermentation from Bacillus pumilus ASH for biodelignification of wheat straw pulp

Chemotherapeutic Interventions Against Tuberculosis

Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Reduction in acute ecotoxicity of paper mill effluent by sequential application of xylanase and laccase.