Deep learning is a form of machine learning that enables computers to learn from experience and understand the world in terms of a hierarchy of concepts. Because the computer gathers knowledge from experience, there is no need for a human computer operator to formally specify all the knowledge that the computer needs. The hierarchy of concepts allows the computer to learn complicated concepts by building them out of simpler ones; a graph of these hierarchies would be many layers deep. This book introduces a broad range of topics in deep learning. The text offers mathematical and conceptual background, covering relevant concepts in linear algebra, probability theory and information theory, numerical computation, and machine learning. It describes deep learning techniques used by practitioners in industry, including deep feedforward networks, regularization, optimization algorithms, convolutional networks, sequence modeling, and practical methodology; and it surveys such applications as natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, online recommendation systems, bioinformatics, and videogames. Finally, the book offers research perspectives, covering such theoretical topics as linear factor models, autoencoders, representation learning, structured probabilistic models, Monte Carlo methods, the partition function, approximate inference, and deep generative models. Deep Learning can be used by undergraduate or graduate students planning careers in either industry or research, and by software engineers who want to begin using deep learning in their products or platforms. A website offers supplementary material for both readers and instructors.

Deep Learning

This paper proposes a paradigm for managing the dynamic aspects of organizational knowledge creating processes. Its central theme is that organizational knowledge is created through a continuous dialogue between tacit and explicit knowledge. The nature of this dialogue is examined and four patterns of interaction involving tacit and explicit knowledge are identified. It is argued that while new knowledge is developed by individuals, organizations play a critical role in articulating and amplifying that knowledge. A theoretical framework is developed which provides an analytical perspective on the constituent dimensions of knowledge creation. This framework is then applied in two operational models for facilitating the dynamic creation of appropriate organizational knowledge.

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A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation

The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning—II☆

A circumplex model of affect

The teaching of qualitative analysis in the social sciences is rarely undertaken in a structured way. This handbook is designed to remedy that and to present students and researchers with a systematic method for interpreting qualitative data', whether derived from interviews, field notes, or documentary materials. The special emphasis of the book is on how to develop theory through qualitative analysis. The reader is provided with the tools for doing qualitative analysis, such as codes, memos, memo sequences, theoretical sampling and comparative analysis, and diagrams, all of which are abundantly illustrated by actual examples drawn from the author's own varied qualitative research and research consultations, as well as from his research seminars. Many of the procedural discussions are concluded with rules of thumb that can usefully guide the researchers' analytic operations. The difficulties that beginners encounter when doing qualitative analysis and the kinds of persistent questions they raise are also discussed, as is the problem of how to integrate analyses. In addition, there is a chapter on the teaching of qualitative analysis and the giving of useful advice during research consultations, and there is a discussion of the preparation of material for publication. The book has been written not only for sociologists but for all researchers in the social sciences and in such fields as education, public health, nursing, and administration who employ qualitative methods in their work.

Qualitative analysis for social scientists

I view cognitive linguistics äs defined by the commitment to characterize the füll ränge of linguistic generalizations while being faithful to empirical discoveries about the nature of the mind/brain. The Invariance Hypothesis is a proposed general principle intended to characterize a broad ränge or regularities in both our conceptual and linguistic Systems. Given that all metaphorical mappings are partial, the Invariance Hypothesis claims that the portion of the source domain structure that is mapped preserves cognitive topology (though, of course, not all the cognitive topology ofthe source domain need be mapped). Since the cognitive topology of Image-Schemas determines their inference patterns, the Invariance Hypothesis claims that imagistic reasoning patterns are mapped onto abstract reasoning patterns via metaphorical mappings. It entails that at least some (and perhaps all) abstract reasoning is a metaphorical version of image-based reasoning. The data covered by the Invariance Hypothesis includes the metaphorical understanding of time, states, events, actions, purposes, means, causes, modalities, linear scales, and categories. Because the source domains of these metaphorical concepts are structured by image-schemas, the Invariance Hypothesis suggests that reasoning involving these concepts is fundamentally image-based. This includes the subject matter of Boolean, scalar, modal, temporal, and causal reasoning. These cases cover such a large ränge of abstract reasoning that the question naturally arises äs to whether all abstract human reasoning is a metaphorical version of imagistic reasoning. I see this äs a major question for future research in cognitive linguistics. 1. What is cognitive linguistics? I generally prefer not to engage in methodological discussions and would rather just get on with my work. But I feel that the Formation of a new Cognitive Linguistics 1-1 (1990), 39-74 0936-5907/90/0001-0039 $2.00 © Walter de Gruyter

The Invariance Hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image-schemas?

THE ‘lOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY FOUNDEI) BY FREDERICK J. E. WOODBRIDGE AND WENDELL &#39;1&#39;. EUSH Editors: john H. Randall, jr. (honorary) and Herbert W. Schneider (honorary), Bernard Berofsky. Arthur C. Danto, Sidney Morgenbesser, Charles D. Parsons, James ]. Walsh. Consulting Editors: James Higginbotham and Isaac Levi. Managing Editor: Leigh 8. Cauman. Editorial and Business office.q 720 Philosophy Hall, Columbia, New York, N.Y. 10027. All communications to the editors, manuscripts, advertise- ments, subscriptions, and changes of address should be sent to the Managing Editor. Annual subscription price (12 numbers), to individuals, $12.00; to institutions, $16.00; to students and to the retired and the unemployed, $9.00; current issues, $1.30; special issues, $2.00. All back volumes and separate issues are available back to 1904. Published monthly as of January 1977; primed by Lancaster Press, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania. THE. JOURNAL or PHILOSOPHY is owned and published by The journal of Philosophy, Inc. President, Albert G. Redpath; Vice Imrsidcnt, john H. Randall, jr.; Secretary, Corliss Lamont; Treasurer, Stephen S. Fenichell. SCIENTIA 1 international Review of Scientiﬁc Synthesis - Founded in 1907 Scientific liditorial Hoard: Pitcro Caldirola- Lutlovico Geytuonat - Giuseppe Montalenti Editor: llonetti SClF.;\&#39;T1.=\ in 74 years has never abandoned its programme of rigorous scientiﬁc synthesis; it aims at going; beyond rather than refuting disciplinary specialization. The motivations behind this approach can be explained today on the one hand through the formation of new areas of scientific research, and on the other throujzh the lively evolution of those social frameworks which are at one and the same time both cause and effect of such research. Scientia takes on the task it has set itself with the help of contributions from scientists and philosophers from all parts of the world. Ptiblication: 3 volttmes ti year of approx. 400 pzuzes each. Articles are published in the language in which they were written and in the integral English and Italian versions. Annual subscription,‘ /Ia/y til, 22 000 - Eulope Lit. 27000 ~ Non-European count!/es $44.00 Spec/men copy. Italy UL 5.000 s Europe Lil. 5 500 v Nonfuropean countries 5 7.50 SCIENTIA ~ Via Guastalla 9 - 20122 Milano (Italy) - Telephone (02) 780.669 The appearance of the code at the bottom of the ﬁrst page of an article in this jOlJRNAL indicates the copyright owner&#39;s consent that copies of the article be made for personal or classroom use. This consent is given on con- dition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, lnc., P.O. Box 765, Schenectady, New York 12301, for all copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the Us. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to any other kinds oi copying. ti) Copyright 198$) by the journal o_i_ i’hi_l_osophy_, Inc. ISSN 0021-362X THE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY VOLUME LXXVII, No. 8. AUGUST 1980 CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE NTIL recently philosophers have tended to berate tnetaphor as irrational and dangerous, or to ignore it, reducing it to the status of a subsidiary problem in the philosophy of lttth guage. Literal language, assumed to be mutually exclusive with metaphor, has been taken to be the real stuff of philosophy, the domain where issues of meaning and truth arise and can be dealt with. At best, metaphor is treated as if it were always the tesult. of some operation performed upon the literal meaning of the llil€Jl“- ance. The phenomenon of qconventional met.apho1‘,” where much of our ordinary conceptual system and the bulk of our everyday conventional language are structured and understood primarily in metaphorical terms, has gone either unnoticed or uudiscussed. ‘ As we will show directly, conventional metaphors are pervasive in our ordinary everyday way of tliinking, speaking, and acting. M70 feel that an understanding of conventional metaphor and the way that metaphor structures our ordinary conceptual system will ult:t~ mately provide a new “experient:ialist” perspective on Cl21SS1C2l;l.pl&#39;31l- osophical problems, such as the nature of meaning, truth, rational- ity, logic, and knowledge. In this present paper we can only locus on the nature and role of metaphor in our conceptual system, with a few suggestions concerning the larger implications of our ZiCCOUl(7i1lL,,l 1. CONCIEPTS THAT W15 LIVE BY Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical ﬂourish-—-a matter of extraordinary rather than ()l“(:li~» nary language. Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as cliamt:«« teristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought 1 For a more comprehensive and thorough working out of the iniplications lot several areas, especially philosophy and linguistics, see our i\1«:trz;rliors We lttw By (Chicago: University of (Jhicago Press, 1980). 0022~352X/80/7708/O453$03.40 © 1980 The journal of Philosophy, lnc. 453

George Lakoff

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