Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. References. List of Structures. Index of Abbreviations. Diagrams.

The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

Automated Anatomical Labeling of Activations in SPM Using a Macroscopic Anatomical Parcellation of the MNI MRI Single-Subject Brain

Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

/pdf/the-brain-s-default-network-anatomy-function-and-relevance-3sxu9umxjl.pdf

The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Interruption of septal connections: effects on drinking, irritability, and copulation.

We have examined the distribution and morphology of neurons immunoreactive for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32 antibody), calcium-binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin), and neuropeptide Y as well as neurons reactive for NADPH diaphorase in the cerebral cortex of the Australian short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). We have also studied synaptic morphology and density in S1 somatosensory cortex and assessed parameters associated with metabolic activity of the cerebral cortex (vessel volume density, mitochondrial volume density, and mitochondrial numerical density) in semi- and ultrathin sections. SMI-32 immunoreactivity was found mostly in layer V pyramidal neurons in selected cortical regions (S1, PV, V1, A). These neurons often showed atypical morphology compared with therian cortex. Neurons immunoreactive for calcium-binding proteins were broadly similar in both morphology and distribution to those seen in therian cortex, although calretinin-immunoreactive neurons were rare. Both Gray type I and Gray type II synapses could be identified in echidna S1 cortex and were similar to those seen in therian cortex. Peak synaptic density was in upper layer IV, followed by layer I, lower layer II, and upper layer III. Most synapses were of type I (72%), although types I and II were encountered with similar frequency in lower layer II and upper layer III. The capillary volume fraction values obtained for the echidna (from 1.18% in V1 to 1.34% in S1 cortex) fall within the values for rodent cortex. Similarly, values for mitochondrial volume fraction in echidna somatosensory cortex (4.68% +/- 1.76%) were comparable to those in eutherian cortex.

Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex of an echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). II. Laminar organization and synaptic density

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:275803/UQ275803_OA.pdf

Segmentation of the C57BL/6J mouse cerebellum in magnetic resonance images.

5, 7‐dihydroxytryptamine lesions: Effects on body weight, irritability, and muricide

We have mapped the motor neurons (MNs) supplying the major hindlimb muscles of transgenic (C57/BL6J-ChAT-EGFP) and wild-type (C57/BL6J) mice. The fluorescent retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected into 19 hindlimb muscles. Consecutive transverse spinal cord sections were harvested, the MNs counted, and the MN columns reconstructed in 3D. Three longitudinal MN columns were identified. The dorsolateral column extends from L4 to L6 and consists of MNs innervating the crural muscles and the foot. The ventrolateral column extends from L1 to L6 and accommodates MNs supplying the iliopsoas, gluteal, and quadriceps femoris muscles. The middle part of the ventral horn hosts the central MN column, which extends between L2 and L6 and consists of MNs for the thigh adductor, hamstring, and quadratus femoris muscles. Within these longitudinal columns, the arrangement of the different MN groups reflects their somatotopic organization. MNs innervating muscles developing from the dorsal (e.g., quadriceps) and ventral muscle mass (e.g., hamstring) are situated in the lateral and medial part of the ventral gray, respectively. MN pools belonging to proximal muscles (e.g., quadratus femoris and iliopsoas) are situated ventral to those supplying more distal ones (e.g., plantar muscles). Finally, MNs innervating flexors (e.g., posterior crural muscles) are more medial than those belonging to extensors of the same joint (e.g., anterior crural muscles). These data extend and modify the MN maps in the recently published atlas of the mouse spinal cord and may help when assessing neuronal loss associated with MN diseases.

/pdf/musculotopic-organization-of-the-motor-neurons-supplying-the-1mlnpgfpqh.pdf

George Paxinos

Papers

Interruption of septal connections: effects on drinking, irritability, and copulation.

Cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex of an echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). II. Laminar organization and synaptic density

Segmentation of the C57BL/6J mouse cerebellum in magnetic resonance images.

5, 7‐dihydroxytryptamine lesions: Effects on body weight, irritability, and muricide

Musculotopic organization of the motor neurons supplying the mouse hindlimb muscles: a quantitative study using Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing