Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. References. List of Structures. Index of Abbreviations. Diagrams.

The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates

Automated Anatomical Labeling of Activations in SPM Using a Macroscopic Anatomical Parcellation of the MNI MRI Single-Subject Brain

Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Bradykinin B2 receptors were localized in the sheep brain and spinal cord by quantitative in vitro autoradiography using a radiolabelled and specific bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist analogue, 3-4-hydroxyphenyl-propionyl-D-Arg0-[Hyp3,Thi5,D-Tic 7,Oic8]bradykinin, (HPP-HOE 140). This radioligand displays high affinity and specificity for bradykinin B2 receptors. The respective K(i) values of 0.32, 1.37 and 156 nM were obtained for bradykinin, HOE140 and D-Arg[Hyp3,D-Phe7,Leu8]bradykinin competing for radioligand binding to lamina II of sheep spinal cord sections. Using this radioligand, we have demonstrated the distribution of bradykinin B2 receptors in many brain regions which have not been previously reported. The highest density of bradykinin B2 receptors occur in the pleoglial periaqueductal gray, oculomotor and trochlear nuclei and the circumventricular organs. Moderate densities of receptors occur in the substantia nigra, particularly the reticular part, the posterior thalamic and subthalamic nuclei, zona incerta, the red and pontine nuclei, some of the pretectal nuclei and in discrete layers of the superior colliculus. In the hindbrain, moderate levels of bradykinin B2 receptor binding occur in the nucleus of the solitary tract, and in spinal trigeminal, inferior olivary, cuneate and vestibular nuclei. Laminae II, X and dorsal root ganglia display the most striking binding densities in the spinal cord, while the remainder of the dorsal and ventral horn display a low and diffuse density of binding. Bradykinin B2 receptors are extensively distributed throughout the sheep brain and spinal cord, not only to sensory areas but also to areas involved in motor activity.

Distribution of bradykinin B2 receptors in sheep brain and spinal cord visualized by in vitro autoradiography.

5,7-DHT-induced muricide: inhibition as a result of preoperative exposure of rats to mice

Postmortem autoradiography was used to explore the mechanisms underlying L-dopa resistance in 2 patients with multiple-system atrophy. Indices of striated presynaptic dopamine termined loss and dopamine (D1 and D2) receptors were provided by 3 H-mazindol, 3 H-SCH 23390, and 125 I-sulpiride binding. Neuronal loss, gliosis, and loss of postsynaptic D2 receptors preferentially involved the middle and posterior of the putamen, that region of the striatum most intimately involved in motor function. Loss of D1 receptors in the same area occurred in only 1 patient. These findings suggest that in multiple-system atrophy, resistance to L-dopa is due to a loss of putamented D2 receptors. The differentied effects on D1 and D2 receptors in 1 patient implies that different subpopulations of striated neurons were selectively involved

Dopa resistance in multiple-system atrophy: loss of postsynaptic D2 receptors.

We studied the organization and spinal projection of the mouse red nucleus with a range of techniques (Nissl stain, immunofluorescence, retrograde tracer injections into the spinal cord, anterograde tracer injections into the red nucleus, and in situ hybridization) and counted the number of neurons in the red nucleus (3,200.9 ± 230.8). We found that the rubrospinal neurons were mainly located in the parvicellular region of the red nucleus, more lateral in the rostral part and more medial in the caudal part. Labeled neurons were least common in the rostral and caudal most parts of the red nucleus. Neurons projecting to the cervical cord were predominantly dorsomedially placed and neurons projecting to the lumbar cord were predominantly ventrolaterally placed. Immunofluorescence staining with SMI-32 antibody showed that ~60% of SMI-32-positive neurons were cervical cord-projecting neurons and 24% were lumbar cord-projecting neurons. SMI-32-positive neurons were mainly located in the caudomedial part of the red nucleus. A study of vGluT2 expression showed that the number and location of glutamatergic neurons matched with those of the rubrospinal neurons. In the anterograde tracing experiments, rubrospinal fibers travelled in the dorsal portion of the lateral funiculus, between the lateral spinal nucleus and the calretinin-positive fibers of the lateral funiculus. Rubrospinal fibers terminated in contralateral laminae 5, 6, and the dorsal part of lamina 7 at all spinal cord levels. A few fibers could be seen next to the neurons in the dorsolateral part of lamina 9 at levels of C8–T1 (hand motor neurons) and L5–L6 (foot motor neurons), which is consistent with a view that rubrospinal fibers may play a role in distal limb movement in rodents.

The red nucleus and the rubrospinal projection in the mouse

Following the discovery of Substance P (SP) in extracts of equine gut and brain by von Euler and Gaddum (1931), a considerable number of studies have been carried out on the distribution and pharmacology of this substance in various mammalian tissues. The earlier work has been well reviewed by Lembeck and Zetler (1962). SP was found to be present in relatively high concentrations in various nervous tissues, particularly in sensory nerve pathways. The idea that SP might correspond to the ‘Sensory Transmitter Factor’ studied by Hellauer and Umrath (1947, 1948) in extracts of dorsal root was also suggested some 25 years ago by Lembeck (1953), and has been championed particularly vigorously since then by this author (Lembeck and Zetler, 1962 and Lembeck this volume, chapter 8). Latterly the work of Otsuka and his colleagues has provided strong support to the view that SP functions as a sensory transmitter in the spinal cord (Otsuka and Konishi, 1975). Earlier studies on SP were hampered by the limited availability of purified material, and by the lack of a simple, specific and sensitive assay method. This situation has changed dramatically since the elucidation by Leeman and her colleagues and by Studer et al. (1973) of the chemical structure of SP as an undecapeptide, (Chang and Leeman, 1970; Chang et al., 1971; Leeman and Mroz, 1974) and by the chemical synthesis of the peptide (Tregear et al., 1971) and the development of a radioimmunoassay technique (Powell et al., 1973). More recently, an immunohistochemical technique for visualising the cellular localisation of SP has been developed and applied by Nilsson et al. (1974).

George Paxinos

Papers

Distribution of bradykinin B2 receptors in sheep brain and spinal cord visualized by in vitro autoradiography.

5,7-DHT-induced muricide: inhibition as a result of preoperative exposure of rats to mice

Dopa resistance in multiple-system atrophy: loss of postsynaptic D2 receptors.

The red nucleus and the rubrospinal projection in the mouse

Distribution and release of Substance P in the central nervous system