We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

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Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

http://www.beauty-review.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Perfluoroalkyl-acids-a-review-of-monitoring-and-toxicological-findings.pdf

Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings

/pdf/water-analysis-emerging-contaminants-and-current-issues-4iaf1qar5i.pdf

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.

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Reactions in Droplets in Microfluidic Channels

Groups of 20 male and 20 female Crl:CD(SD)BR rats were exposed to Dibasic Esters (DBE) at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.16, 0.40 (maximum attainable vapor), or 1.0 mg/L (aerosol). Exposures were conducted for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks (pre-breeding) then 7 days/week for 8 weeks (through breeding, gestation, and lactation). The exposures were interrupted for female rats between gestation day 19 and postpartum day 3. Gestation day 1 was defined as the day a copulatory plug was found, postpartum day 1 was defined as the day of birth. No significant differences were observed between control and test rats with respect to mating performance, fertility, length of gestation, or progeny numbers, structure, and viability. Body weights of parental rats and of their offspring were reduced at 1.0 mg/L. The only histopathologic changes detected were in the nasal tissues of the parental rats, where an exposure-related increase in squamous metaplasia in the olfactory epithelium was observed. There was an increase in liver-to-body weight ratios in the two higher parental exposure groups and an increase in the lung-to-body weight ratio also seen at 1.0 mg/L. It is concluded that reproduction in rats was not altered by repeated inhalation exposure to up to 1.0 mg/L DBE, a concentration that produced both body weight and histologic effects in parental rats.

Reproduction Study with Dibasic Esters Following Inhalation in the Rat

Acute inhalation toxicity of ammonium perfluorononanoate.

Testicular toxicity of rats exposed to hexafluoroacetone (HFA) for 90 days.

Dibasic esters (DBE) are a mixture of 3 carboxylic acid esters which are used in the paint and coatings industry. In this study, groups of pregnant Crl:CDBR rats were exposed to either 0.16,0.4, or 1.0 mg DBE/L by inhalation for 6 hr/day from Days 7 through 16 of gestation (day in which copulation plug was detected was designated Day 1G). A control group of chambered pregnant rats was exposed simultaneously to air only. All female rats were euthanized on Day 21G and the fetuses were examined. A suppression of both food consumption and the rate of body weight gain was seen in the 0.4 and 1.0 mg/L groups during the first 6 exposure days. Staining on the fur and perineal area was seen in rats exposed to 1.0 mg/L and liver weight decreases, although not statistically significant, occurred in the 2 high exposure groups. None of the reproductive parameters were altered in any of the groups and no fetal effects were detected. DBE is not a developmental toxin in the rat following inhalation exposures as h...

Developmental toxicity of dibasic esters by inhalation in the rat

Cytotoxicity was measured in vitro for 8 ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers (EO/PO copolymers) using lactate dehydrogenase release from cultured mammalian cells as the endpoint. Three cell types were used in these assays: Chinese hamster ovary cell line (AS52), rat lung epithelial cell line (LEC), and freshly isolated rat alveolar macrophages (RAM). A range of cytotoxicity was seen with toxic effects observed from 20 to > 20,000 μg/ml. The same relative order of toxicities were observed for all 3 cell lines although RAM cells appeared to be somewhat more sensitive. The in vitro cytotoxicity, as measured by LDH release and microscopic observations of the cells, correlated poorly with the in vivo inhalation toxicity. The most lethal compounds following acute inhalation (UCON® 50- HB- 5100 and UCON® 50-HB-2000) were among the least toxic in the in vitro cytotoxicity screen. Conversely the 2 compounds which were the most toxic in vitro (Pluronic® 17 R1 and Pluronic® L64) did not produce any unu...

Gerald L. Kennedy

Papers

Reproduction Study with Dibasic Esters Following Inhalation in the Rat

Acute inhalation toxicity of ammonium perfluorononanoate.

Testicular toxicity of rats exposed to hexafluoroacetone (HFA) for 90 days.

Developmental toxicity of dibasic esters by inhalation in the rat

Cytotoxicity of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers in cultured mammalian cells.