Preservation of female genetics is currently done primarily by means of oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. The field has seen much progress during its four-decade history, progress driven predominantly by research in humans, cows, and mice. Two basic cryopreservation techniques rule the field--controlled-rate freezing, the first to be developed, and vitrification, which, in recent years, has gained a foothold. While much progress has been achieved in human medicine, the cattle industry, and in laboratory animals, this is far from being the case for most other mammals and even less so for other vertebrates. The major strides and obstacles in human and other vertebrate oocyte and embryo cryopreservation will be reviewed here.

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Current progress in oocyte and embryo cryopreservation by slow freezing and vitrification

A review on goat sperm cryopreservation

http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/A/Animal%20Reproduction%20Science/Vol62.Issue1-3.Aug2000/2029.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Production and storage of goat semen for artificial insemination

Current status of embryo technologies in sheep and goat.

Regulation of ovarian follicular dynamics in farm animals. Implications for manipulation of reproduction.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of IVM treatment on the developmental competence of oocytes recovered from repeated laparoscopic ovum pickukp (LOPU) in goats. A total of 94 LOPU sessions were performed on 33 adult goats of the Saanen and Alpine breeds. Females were synchronized (Day 0) during the nonbreeding season by inserting vaginal sponges (45 mg of fluorogestone acetate, Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands). At Day 8, an i.m. injection of 50 μg of cloprostenol (Estrumate; Schering-Plough Animal Health, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada) was administered. Porcine FSH (Stimufol, Merial, Brussels, Belgium, 160 mg/goat) was administered in 5 injections at 12-h intervals, starting on Day 8. The LOPU took place under general anesthesia on Day 11, and follicles ≥2 mm were aspirated with an 18-gauge needle connected to a controlled vacuum system. Vaginal sponges were removed at the time of LOPU. Treatments were repeated 2 times in a 2-week interval scheme (2 goats and 1 goat were excluded from the experiment during the second and third LOPU sessions, respectively). Cumulus–oocyte complexes were washed and evaluated for quality (graded from 1 to 3). Oocytes recovered from unstimulated slaughterhouse-derived ovaries served as a control. Cumulus–oocytes complexes from Grades 1 and 2 were submitted to IVM in TCM-199, supplemented with 100 μm of cysteamine and either 10 ng mL–1 of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or 10% follicular fluid and 100 ng mL–1 of ovine FSH (FF-FSH). Matured oocytes were then submitted to IVF and in vitro development as described by Cognie et al. (2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 437–445). Over the 94 LOPU sessions, 20.4 ± 0.9 follicles were aspirated (mean ± SEM), allowing the recovery of 12.3 ± 0.7 COC per goat and per session, of which 80.1% were suitable for IVM (Grades 1 and 2). Results of in vitro production are detailed in the table. The IVM treatment did not significantly affect cleavage or blastocyst development rates in oocytes derived from slaughterhouse ovaries. Cleavage rates were significantly decreased in LOPU-derived oocytes when compared with control oocytes. For LOPU-derived oocytes, cleavage and final blastocyst development rates were increased significantly and kinetics of embryo development were accelerated when FF-FSH was used during IVM as compared with EGF. The IVM with FF-FSH allowed us to produce 4.1 blatocysts per goat per LOPU session. These results demonstrate the interest in LOPU for goat embryo production once appropriate IVM treatment is used. The difference observed between LOPU and slaughterhouse oocytes in terms of response to IVM treatments may be related to FSH stimulation prior to the LOPU session or to postmortem changes in oocyte responsiveness in the slaughterhouse group. Table 1. Effects of oocyte origin [laparoscopic ovum pickukp (LOPU) or slaughterhouse derived] and maturation treatment [epidermal growth factor (EGF) or follicular fluid (FF)-FSH] on in vitro embryo production (6 replicates)

207 in vitro maturation treatment affects developmental competence of laparoscopic ovum pickup-derived oocytes in folliclestimulating hormone-stimulated goats

Les traitements progestagenes d'induction/synchronisation de l'oestrus chez la chevre : le point sur les recherches recentes

Differentes methodes cliniques et de laboratoire sont utilisables pour etablir un diagnostic de gestation chez les petits ruminants. La methode la plus precoce est le dosage de la progesterone dans le sang ou dans le lait, intervenant au meme moment que l'observation du non retour des chaleurs. Elle fournit, des le 21-22 e jour chez la chevre ou des le 17-18 e jour chez la brebis des valeurs predictives elevees surtout pour ce qui concerne le diagnostic d'un etat non gestatif. Le dosage des proteines specifiques ou associees a la gestation (PSPB, PAG) est egalement une methode precoce, le diagnostic est fiable des le 22-26 e jour pour le dosage dans le sang et des le 32 e jour pour le dosage dans le lait, aussi bien chez la chevre que chez la brebis. Enfin, l'echographie mode B, utilisable des le 30 e jour de gestation par voie abdominale et des le 25 e jour par voie transrectale donne selon l'operateur de tres bonnes a d'excellentes performances de sensibilite et de specificite et permet de denombrer les foetus. L'utilisation simultanee ou sequentielle de 2 ou plusieurs methodes permet de combiner precocite, exactitude et facilite ou d'acquerir des donnees originales pour mieux documenter la mortalite embryonnaire ou foetale.

/pdf/diagnostic-et-suivi-de-gestation-chez-la-chevre-et-la-brebis-2ikfco9j7n.pdf

Diagnostic et suivi de gestation chez la chèvre et la brebis

The objective of this study was to test the accuracy of genotype diagnosis after whole amplification of DNA extracted from biopsies obtained by trimming goat embryos and to evaluate the viability of biopsied embryos after vitrification/warming and transfer Whole genome amplification (WGA) was performed using Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA) Sex and prion protein (PRNP) genotypes were determined Sex diagnosis was carried out by PCR amplification of ZFX/ZFY and Y chromosome-specific sequences Prion protein genotype determination was performed on codons 142, 154, 211, 222 and 240 Embryos were collected at day 7 after oestrus and biopsied either immediately after collection (blastocysts and expanded blastocysts) or after 24 h of in vitro culture (compacted morulae) Biopsied embryos were frozen by vitrification Vitrified whole embryos were kept as control DNA of biopsies was extracted and amplified using MDA Sex diagnosis was efficient for 974% of biopsies and PRNP genotyping was determined in 787% of biopsies After embryo transfer, no significant difference was observed in kidding rate between biopsied and vitrified control embryos, whereas embryo survival rate was different between biopsied and whole vitrified embryos (p = 0032) At birth, 100% of diagnosed sex and 982% of predetermined codons were correct Offspring PRNP profiles were in agreement with parental genotype Whole genome amplification with MDA kit coupled with sex diagnosis and PRNP genotype predetermination are very accurate techniques to genotype goat embryos before transfer These novel results allow us to plan selection of scrapie-resistant genotypes and kid sex before transfer of cryopreserved embryo

Sex and PRNP genotype determination in preimplantation caprine embryos

Visando ao aumento do plantel de ovinos da raca Black Belly na estacao experimental do Institut Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) de Bourges, Franca, foram utilizadas 32 ovelhas da raca Black Belly superovuladas com FSH suino nos ultimos tres dias de tratamento progestageno de 14 dias. Apos coleta cirurgica, obtiveram-se 264 embrioes transferiveis (8,2 ± 6,0/doadoras), sendo transferidos 232 a 88 receptoras da raca Romane pluriparas e 23 da raca Suffolk nuliparas. As taxas de paricao e de sobrevivencia embrionaria foram 83,6 e 63%, respectivamente, sendo os melhores resultados observados em receptoras da raca Romane pluriparas do que nas nuliparas da raca Suffolk. O numero de ovulacoes, de embrioes transferidos e o estadio de desenvolvimento embrionario causaram efeito sobre a taxa de sobrevivencia embrionaria. As melhores taxas de paricao e de sobrevivencia embrionaria foram obtidas de receptoras com mais de duas ovulacoes que receberam dois embrioes no estadio de blastocisto.

Transferência de embriões como ferramenta para formação de rebanho experimental ovino e análise dos fatores que podem maximizar a multiplicação do plantel

Gérard Baril

Papers

207 in vitro maturation treatment affects developmental competence of laparoscopic ovum pickup-derived oocytes in folliclestimulating hormone-stimulated goats

Les traitements progestagenes d'induction/synchronisation de l'oestrus chez la chevre : le point sur les recherches recentes

Diagnostic et suivi de gestation chez la chèvre et la brebis

Sex and PRNP genotype determination in preimplantation caprine embryos

Transferência de embriões como ferramenta para formação de rebanho experimental ovino e análise dos fatores que podem maximizar a multiplicação do plantel