The scanning tunneling microscope is proposed as a method to measure forces as small as 10-18 N. As one application for this concept, we introduce a new type of microscope capable of investigating surfaces of insulators on an atomic scale. The atomic force microscope is a combination of the principles of the scanning tunneling microscope and the stylus profilometer. It incorporates a probe that does not damage the surface. Our preliminary results in air demonstrate a lateral resolution of 30 A and a vertical resolution less than 1 A.

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930

Atomic force microscope

/pdf/self-assembled-monolayers-of-thiolates-on-metals-as-a-form-1neb0hj3k4.pdf

Self-assembled monolayers of thiolates on metals as a form of nanotechnology.

In this work we briefly describe the most relevant features of WSXM, a freeware scanning probe microscopy software based on MS-Windows. The article is structured in three different sections: The introduction is a perspective on the importance of software on scanning probe microscopy. The second section is devoted to describe the general structure of the application; in this section the capabilities of WSXM to read third party files are stressed. Finally, a detailed discussion of some relevant procedures of the software is carried out.

https://nanoed.tul.cz/pluginfile.php/1608/mod_resource/content/1/view.pdf

WSXM: a software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology.

Surface microscopy using vacuum tunneling is demonstrated for the first time. Topographic pictures of surfaces on an atomic scale have been obtained. Examples of resolved monoatomic steps and surface reconstructions are shown for (110) surfaces of CaIrSn 4 and Au.

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57

Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy

1. Introduction 2. Theoretical foundations 3. Propagation and focusing of optical fields 4. Spatial resolution and position accuracy 5. Nanoscale optical microscopy 6. Near-field optical probes 7. Probe-sample distance control 8. Light emission and optical interaction in nanoscale environments 9. Quantum emitters 10. Dipole emission near planar interfaces 11. Photonic crystals and resonators 12. Surface plasmons 13. Forces in confined fields 14. Fluctuation-induced phenomena 15. Theoretical methods in nano-optics Appendices Index.

/pdf/principles-of-nano-optics-1hz998yqo8.pdf

Principles of nano-optics

Fully Automated 3D Segmentation of Liver

Described is a method for erasing data recorded in a data storage device in which a data bit (120) is written onto a surface (90) by applying a first combination of energy (Ew) and force (Fw) to the surface via a tip (40) to form a pit in the surface representative of the data bit by local deformation of the surface The method comprises applying a second combination of energy (Ee) and force via the tip to pre recorded deformations of the surface to be erased to substantially level the surface

Mechanical data processing

A scanning apparatus for moving a first object relative to a second object is disclosed. The apparatus comprises moving means for driving one of the first and second objects, tracking means comprising a pattern on the first object, and, releasable clamping means for holding the first and second object in a position defined by the pattern.

Scanner for precise movement and low power consumption

A storage device is provided, comprising of a storage surface having perturbations representative of information stored in the storage device; a lever having at least one tip facing the storage surface and movable substantially parallel thereto; and a variable capacitor having a first plate and a second plate, the first plate being integral to the storage surface and the second plate being integral to the lever, wherein movement of the lever relative to the surface produces variation in the capacitance of the variable capacitor in response to the tip scanning across the perturbations of the surface.

Storage device and method

Described is a method for reading an array of sensors having a set of row conductors each connected to the sensors in a corresponding row of the array and a set of column conductors each connected to the sensors in a corresponding column of the array such that each sensor is connected between a row conductor and a column conductor. The method comprises: for each row of sensors in the array, performing a read cycle comprising applying an activation pulse to the corresponding row conductor to activate the sensors in the row, applying a reading pulse to the row conductor on expiry of a predetermined time interval from an edge of the activation pulse, and during the reading pulse, detecting, for each sensor in the row, a value dependent on a variable characteristic of that sensor. The read cycle for at least one row is commenced during the predetermined time interval of the read cycle for another row. In a preferred example described in detail, the sensors are thermal resistance sensors, the activation pulse is a heating pulse to heat the sensors, and the variable characteristic is resistance.

Gerd Binnig

Papers

Fully Automated 3D Segmentation of Liver

Mechanical data processing

Scanner for precise movement and low power consumption

Storage device and method

Method and apparatus for reading an array of thermal