Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Because high plasma concentrations of cholesterol, in particular those of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, are one of the principal risk factors for atherosclerosis,1 the process of atherogenesis has been considered by many to consist largely of the accumulation of lipids within the artery wall; however, it is much more than that. Despite changes in lifestyle and the use of new pharmacologic approaches to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations,2,3 cardiovascular disease continues to be the principal cause of death in the United States, Europe, and much of Asia.4,5 In fact, the lesions of atherosclerosis represent . . .

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199901143400207

Atherosclerosis — An Inflammatory Disease

Atherosclerosis is an Inflammatory Disease

WRITING GROUP MEMBERS Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, SCM, FAHA Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD Mary Cushman, MD, MSc, FAHA Sandeep R. Das, MD, MPH, FAHA Rajat Deo, MD, MTR Sarah D. de Ferranti, MD, MPH James Floyd, MD, MS Myriam Fornage, PhD, FAHA Cathleen Gillespie, MS Carmen R. Isasi, MD, PhD, FAHA Monik C. Jiménez, ScD, SM Lori Chaffin Jordan, MD, PhD Suzanne E. Judd, PhD Daniel Lackland, DrPH, FAHA Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH, FAHA Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, MPH, FAHA Simin Liu, MD, ScD, FAHA Chris T. Longenecker, MD Rachel H. Mackey, PhD, MPH, FAHA Kunihiro Matsushita, MD, PhD, FAHA Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH, FAHA Michael E. Mussolino, PhD, FAHA Khurram Nasir, MD, MPH, FAHA Robert W. Neumar, MD, PhD, FAHA Latha Palaniappan, MD, MS, FAHA Dilip K. Pandey, MBBS, MS, PhD, FAHA Ravi R. Thiagarajan, MD, MPH Mathew J. Reeves, PhD Matthew Ritchey, PT, DPT, OCS, MPH Carlos J. Rodriguez, MD, MPH, FAHA Gregory A. Roth, MD, MPH Wayne D. Rosamond, PhD, FAHA Comilla Sasson, MD, PhD, FAHA Amytis Towfighi, MD Connie W. Tsao, MD, MPH Melanie B. Turner, MPH Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA Jenifer H. Voeks, PhD Joshua Z. Willey, MD, MS John T. Wilkins, MD Jason HY. Wu, MSc, PhD, FAHA Heather M. Alger, PhD Sally S. Wong, PhD, RD, CDN, FAHA Paul Muntner, PhD, MHSc On behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

https://vascular.stanford.edu/content/dam/sm/vascular/documents/endovasc/guidelines/PIIS0741521406022968.pdf

Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)

Author(s): Writing Group Members; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Benjamin, Emelia J; Go, Alan S; Arnett, Donna K; Blaha, Michael J; Cushman, Mary; Das, Sandeep R; de Ferranti, Sarah; Despres, Jean-Pierre; Fullerton, Heather J; Howard, Virginia J; Huffman, Mark D; Isasi, Carmen R; Jimenez, Monik C; Judd, Suzanne E; Kissela, Brett M; Lichtman, Judith H; Lisabeth, Lynda D; Liu, Simin; Mackey, Rachel H; Magid, David J; McGuire, Darren K; Mohler, Emile R; Moy, Claudia S; Muntner, Paul; Mussolino, Michael E; Nasir, Khurram; Neumar, Robert W; Nichol, Graham; Palaniappan, Latha; Pandey, Dilip K; Reeves, Mathew J; Rodriguez, Carlos J; Rosamond, Wayne; Sorlie, Paul D; Stein, Joel; Towfighi, Amytis; Turan, Tanya N; Virani, Salim S; Woo, Daniel; Yeh, Robert W; Turner, Melanie B; American Heart Association Statistics Committee; Stroke Statistics Subcommittee

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

[3] - Detection of S-Nitrosothiols

Dear Editor:

Henn et al. [1] have nicely described a case scenario whereby a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU) of the descending aorta extends with intramural hematoma (IMH) into the ascending aorta. For those of us who manage a lot of acute aortic pathology, this clinical scenario occurs not that infrequently. Based on the dictum that all type A pathology is treated first, the question is whether these patients should be managed by replacement of their ascending aorta first with subsequent repair of their PAU at a later date. Should the ascending be repaired and then insert an endograft distally in an open technique in the same setting? Or should we do as the authors have suggested: just treat the PAU with a covered stent endograft in the descending thoracic aorta? Surprisingly, there is little literature or data to help us manage this clinical scenario.

In the present case report, the authors describe a case in which a stent graft was placed in the descending thoracic aorta with subsequent resolution of the ascending aortic IMH. I personally have done this before, as well, with mixed results. There are multiple questions that remain unresolved about this scenario (and others I am sure our readers have asked). For example, does one balloon the endovascular prosthesis that was used to treat the PAU? Is it safe to carry a wire over into the arch and ascending aorta? What is the risk of creating a true type A dissection in these patients? Finally, what are the criteria for a spinal drain in these cases?

One might also ask the authors what was their plan, had the IMH in the ascending aorta progressed to a full blown dissection both acutely and chronically; a reverse elephant trunk with repair of the arch, or just repair of the ascending aorta? Does having a stent graft in place change the management of these complex patients and almost ensure that circulatory arrest is required to remove the stent graft placed for a PAU?

I am reminded of two things in particular associated with this case, as the technical performance of an endograft in this position is not difficult. However, as a vascular surgeon, it would be imperative that I have a thorough discussion of this case with my cardiac surgery partners before taking a case like this one on (no matter how technically easy it is!). Second, I remember when Drs. Mike Deeb and Dave Williams at the University of Michigan started treating all of the type A dissection patients with malperfusion by fenestration and stenting first, prior to taking the patients to the operating room for their type A repair. At the time, this approach was believed to be heresy by some. Yet, they persevered and many patients were saved with renal, mesenteric, and spinal arteries perfused (i.e., few patients with dead gut, on dialysis, or paralyzed) with nearly identical improved mortality rates compared to those patients who were just taken straight to the operating room with malperfusion. It should give us all pause to think that maybe just treating the PAU in the present scenario was the right thing to do. Congratulations to the authors.

/pdf/commentary-on-medical-and-surgical-management-of-a-53s2sz2fyu.pdf

Commentary on "Medical and Surgical Management of a Descending Aorta Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer and Associated Ascending Intramural Hematoma" by Henn, M.C. et al.

Gilbert R. Upchurch

Papers

[3] - Detection of S-Nitrosothiols

Commentary on "Medical and Surgical Management of a Descending Aorta Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer and Associated Ascending Intramural Hematoma" by Henn, M.C. et al.

Carotid Stent Explant Indications and Outcomes

Outcomes After Operative Management of Suprarenal and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Infections

Commonly Used Myh11-CreERT2 Strain Carries a Y-Linked Functional Wild-Type Tlr7 Allele.