다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.

Strategies to Address Low Drug Solubility in Discovery and Development

Lipid formulations for oral administration of drugs: non-emulsifying, self-emulsifying and 'self-microemulsifying' drug delivery systems.

Design and Production of Nanoparticles Formulated From Nano-Emulsion Templates-A Review

Oxygen Carriers (“Blood Substitutes”)Raison d'Etre, Chemistry, and Some Physiology Blut ist ein ganz besondrer Saft1

Basic Concepts Main Surfactants Used in the Pharmaceutical Field Gilberte Marti-Mestres and Francoise Nielloud Formulation Concepts for the Emulsion Maker Jean-Louis Salager Emulsion Properties and Related Know-how to Attain Them Jean-Louis Salager Suspensions Formulation Fernando Gonzalez-Caballero and Juan de Dios Garcia Lopez-Duran Health Applications Emulsions as Drug Delivery Systems Katrin Buszello and Bernd W. Muller Parenteral Fat Emulsions: Structure, Stability, and Applications Jorn-Stefan Lucks, Bernd W. Muller, and Karsten Klutsch The Use of Topical Emulsions as Drug Delivery Systems Eric W. Smith, Christian Surber, and Howard I. Maibach Vesicles as a Tool for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery J. A. Bouwstra Ophthalmic Emulsions and Suspensions M. Fabrizio Saettone, Boris Giannaccini, and Daniela Monti Administration of Emulsions to the Gastrointestinal Tract Duncan Q. M. Craig, Manisha J. Patel, and Marianne Ashford Dry Adsorbed Emulsions Michel Rollet and Jolle Bardon Nanosuspensions for the Formulation of Poorly Soluble Drugs R. H. Muller, C. Jacobs, and O. Kayser Pharmaceutical Suspensions and Their Applications V. Gallardo, M. A. Ruiz, and A. V. Delgado Tools and Methods for Experiments and Measurements Experimental Design in Emulsion and Suspension Formulations' Theocritical Aspects Roger Phan-Tan-Luu and Didier Mathieu Applications of Experimental Methodology to Emulsions and Suspensions Francoise Nielloud, Gilberte Marti-Mestres, and Helene Maillols Rheology of Suspensions and Emulsions Maria Isabel Briceno Determination of Size Distributions of Sub-Micron Particle Dispersions by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy E. R. Pike

Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions

Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions are reviewed with special emphasis on the main reasons these vehicles are used and on their limitations. The development of current applications and future directions are considered according to their delivery routes: these routes can be either parenteral, ocular, or oral, or even transdermal. We examine the raw materials generally used in the formulation of these emulsions, and we consider the main factors influencing the release and absorption of the drugs from these vehicles. We also treat the pharmaceutical applications of emulsified vehicles, particularly submicron emulsions, multiple emulsions, and microemulsions. We have also developed some interesting applications of these formulations such as self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, fat emulsions, and drug carrier systems.

Emulsions in Health Care Applications—An Overview

Formulation Concepts for the Emulsion Maker

LC analysis of benzophenone-3: II application to determination of ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’ skin penetration from solvents, coarse and submicron emulsions

Gilberte Marti-Mestres

Papers

Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions

Emulsions in Health Care Applications—An Overview

Formulation Concepts for the Emulsion Maker

LC analysis of benzophenone-3: II application to determination of ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’ skin penetration from solvents, coarse and submicron emulsions

The "in vitro" percutaneous penetration of three antioxidant compounds.