다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10(-21). It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203,000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410(-180)(+160)  Mpc corresponding to a redshift z=0.09(-0.04)(+0.03). In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36(-4)(+5)M⊙ and 29(-4)(+4)M⊙, and the final black hole mass is 62(-4)(+4)M⊙, with 3.0(-0.5)(+0.5)M⊙c(2) radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.

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The Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger

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비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

Extended Theories of Gravity

This volume deals with canonical quantization, Feynman rules and renormalization of Yang-Mills theories in algebraic non-covariant gauges (typically axial and light-cone gauges). The material is self-contained and presented in a basic manner according to a personal style representative of a long lasting activity in the field. Emphasis is always placed on the underlying basic concepts of Quantum Field Theory, even when particular examples are treated, details and the related difficulties are thoroughly discussed. The value of the book goes beyond the specificity of its subject.

Yang-Mills theories in algebraic non-covariant gauges

Localization of nonlocal theories

An analytic approach to phenomenological models inspired by cubic string field theory is introduced and applied to some examples. We study a class of actions for a minimally coupled, homogeneous scalar field whose energy density contains infinitely many time derivatives. These nonlocal systems are systematically localized and an algorithm to find cosmological solutions of the dynamical equations is provided. Our formalism is able to define the nonlocal field in regions of the parameter space which are inaccessible by standard methods. Also, problems related to nonlocality are reinterpreted under a novel perspective and naturally overcome. We consider phenomenological models living on a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker background with power-law scale factor, both in four dimensions and on a high-energy braneworld. The quest for solutions unravels general features of nonlocal dynamics indicating several future directions of investigation.

Route to nonlocal cosmology

We propose a nonlocal scalar-tensor model of gravity with pseudodifferential operators inspired by the effective action of p-adic string and string field theory on flat spacetime. An infinite number of derivatives act both on the metric and scalar field sector. The system is localized via the diffusion equation approach and its cosmology is studied. We find several exact dynamical solutions, also in the presence of a barotropic fluid, which are stationary in the diffusion flow. In particular, and contrary to standard general relativity, there exist solutions with exponential and power-law scale factor also in an open universe, as well as solutions with sudden future singularities or a bounce. Also, from the point of view of quantum field theory, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be naturally realized in the class of actions we consider.

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Nonlocal gravity and the diffusion equation

We discuss gravity as a gauge theory of the Poincare group in three and four dimensions, i.e., in a metric-independent fashion. The fundamental fields of the theory are the gauge potentials, the matter fields, and the so-called Poincare coordinates {ital q}{sup {ital a}}({ital x}): a set of fields that are defined on the space-time manifold, but that transform as Poincare vectors under gauge transformations. The presence of such coordinates is necessary in order to construct a gauge theory of the Poincare group. We discuss the procedure needed to connect this theory with the Einsteinian formulation of gravity, and we show that the field equations for the gauge potentials, for pointlike sources, and for scalar and spinor matter fields reproduce the Einstein equations, the geodesics equations, and the Klein-Gordon and the Dirac equations in curved space-time, respectively. In 2+1 dimensions and in the presence of pointlike sources this gauge-theoretical approach can be further developed: the gauge potentials can be written almost everywhere as pure gauge, and a solution of the field equations provides, at the same time, the space-time metric and the set of coordinates that globally flatten the metric.

Giuseppe Nardelli

Papers

Yang-Mills theories in algebraic non-covariant gauges

Localization of nonlocal theories

Route to nonlocal cosmology

Nonlocal gravity and the diffusion equation

Gravity and the Poincare group