THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: An overview

Micro and macroalgal biomass: A renewable source for bioethanol

A review on dark fermentative biohydrogen production from organic biomass: Process parameters and use of by-products

Hydrogen production from agricultural waste by dark fermentation: A review

Continuous production of lignin-degrading enzymes by Bjerkandera adusta immobilized on polyurethane foam gave maximum activities of 220 U lignin peroxidase ml−1, 150 U manganese peroxidase ml−1, 50 U laccase ml−1 and 6.2 U protease ml−1 at the retention time of 24 h for 60 days. Protease secretion destabilized the produced lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase.

Continuous production of lignin-degrading enzymes by Bjerkandera adusta immobilized on polyurethane foam

Dilute oxalic acid pretreatment was investigated as a feasible method for conversion of maize residues into sugars and subsequent production of bioethanol. Oxalic acid concentration of 200 mM for samples treated at 160°C for 10 min was found to be the best pretreatment conditions. Cellulases, mainly cellobiohydrolases from Trichoderma reesei , recorded activities of up to 116 U/ml during saccharification of the cellulosic substrates. The optimum saccharification conditions using 0.2% (v/v) enzyme concentrate were the incubation temperature of 45°C for 48 h. Up to 46% (w/w) glucose and 28% (w/w) xylose were obtained from the pretreated maize residues (stalk, leaf, husk and cobs). Furthermore, a native Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain KB) was able to convert 78% (w/w) of glucose (and other fermentable sugars) to ethanol after 60 h of incubation at 32°C, under stationary culture conditions. The challenges encountered in chemical and biological conversions included incomplete hydrolysis and fermentation due to substrate recalcitrance and the inability of the yeast cells to utilize 5-carbon sugars such as xylose. This study therefore provided baseline research data and information that could be used for more elaborate and scaled-up studies for possible industrial-scale conversion of the readily available crop residues into bioenergy. Key words : Bioethanol, cellulases, fermentation, hydrolysates, maize residues, oxalic acid, pretreatment, saccharification.

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Oxalic acid pretreatment, fungal enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of maize residues to ethanol

This research involved field surveys in different geographical locations in Tanzania for collection of fungi species, identification of the isolates, and screening for lignin-degrading enzyme production. Out of 18 saprophytic fungi (both wood and non-wood inhabiting) isolates, 17 were positive in the rhemazol brilliant blue-R (RBBR) decolorization test; 15 of the isolates oxidized guaiacol while 7 and 12 oxidized α-naphthol and pyrogallol, respectively. The cultures with 1% glucose concentration showed the fastest growth of mycelia and highest MnP, LiP, and Lac activities. MnP was found to be dominant among the tested isolates and Laetiporus sulphurae had the highest LiP activity of 65.2 U/ml. Most of the fungi isolates produced more than two extracellular enzymes, suggesting that these isolates possess the ability to degrade lignin or related polyphenolic compounds, and thus they can be used in upgrading low quality animal feed. The selected fungi isolates reduced cellulose and hemicellulose contents in rice straw by an average of 10% and 35%, respectively, delignification ratio of 23% and increased its relative crude protein content by more than 50%.

Lignin-Degrading Enzymes from Mycelial Cultures of Basidiomycete Fungi Isolated in Tanzania

Endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds in the water were degraded by laccase fromTrametes sp. followed by activated sludge treatment. The effect of temperature on the degradation of phenolic compounds and the production of organic compounds were investigated using endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and diethyl phthalate. Bisphenol A and 2,4-dichlorophenol disappeared completely after the laccase treatment, but no disappearance of diethyl phthalate was observed. The Michaelis-Menten type equation was proposed to represent the degradation rate of bisphenol A by the lacasse under various temperatures. After the laccase treatment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the activated sludge treatment was attempted and it could convert about 85 and 75% of organic compounds produced from bisphenol A and 2,4-dichlorophenol into H2O and CO2, respectively.

Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds using laccase followed by activated sludge treatment

This paper reviews the trends in industrial and environmental biotechnology research in Tanzania for the past 20 years Researches on production of bio-energy, enzymes and organic acids are reviewed Furthermore, researches related to wastewater treatment systems including water stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands are covered Brief highlights are made on researches related to bioprospecting and molecular biology techniques used in identification of organisms In critically reviewing the research done so far, an attempt is made to pinpoint significant research gaps in areas such as single cell protein, biomining, biocomposting and bioengineering This paper, therefore, provides an overview of the renewable raw materials available in the developing countries and outlines the researches that have been done to convert them to bio-products, while reducing bio-wastes The identified gaps will serve as guidance to scientists who are interested in doing research in untapped areas of biotechnology

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Godliving Mtui

Papers

Continuous production of lignin-degrading enzymes by Bjerkandera adusta immobilized on polyurethane foam

Oxalic acid pretreatment, fungal enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of maize residues to ethanol

Lignin-Degrading Enzymes from Mycelial Cultures of Basidiomycete Fungi Isolated in Tanzania

Biodegradation of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds using laccase followed by activated sludge treatment

Trends in industrial and environmental biotechnology research in Tanzania