The world is witnessing a change-over from its present centralized generation to a future with greater share of distributed generation. Hybrid energy systems are inter-connected with wind power, photovoltaic power, fuel cell and micro-turbine generator to generate power to local load and connecting to grid/micro-grids that decrease the dependence on fossil fuels. The hybrid system is a better option for construction of modern electrical grids that includes economic, environmental and social benefits. An overview of different distributed generation technologies has been presented. This paper puts forward a comprehensive review of optimal sizing, energy management, operating and control strategies and integration of different renewable energy sources to constitute a hybrid system. The feasibility of the different controllers such as microcontroller, proportional integral controller, hysteresis controller and fuzzy controller are presented. The controller is a closed loop feedback mechanism used for power regulation which achieves zero steady state error and the output signal generated from the controller produces desired output response.

A review on hybrid renewable energy systems

As any energy production system, photovoltaic (PV) installations have to be monitored to enhance system performances and to early detect failures for more reliability. There are several photovoltaic monitoring strategies based on the output of the plant and its nature. Monitoring can be performed locally on site or remotely. It measures production, focuses also on verification and follow-up of converter and communication devices' effective operation. Up to now, some faults diagnosis methods for PV components and systems have been developed. However, given the evolution of PV installations, more advanced monitoring techniques are continuously under investigation. In this paper, major photovoltaic system failures are addressed. Then techniques for photovoltaic monitoring proposed in recent literature are overviewed and analyzed to point out their differences, advantages and limits.

Fault detection and monitoring systems for photovoltaic installations: A review

There are both economic and environmental urges for transition from the current outdated power grid to a sensor-embedded smart grid that monitors system stability, integrates distributed energy and schedules energy consumption for household users. Especially with the proliferation of intelligent measurement devices, exponential growth of data empowers this transition and brings new tools for the development of different applications in power system. Under this context, this paper presents a holistically overview on the state-of-the-art of big data technology in smart grid integration. First, the features of smart grid and the multisource of energy data are discussed. Then, this paper comprehensive summarizes the applications leveraged by big data in smart grid, which also contains some brand new applications with the latest big data technologies. Furthermore, some mainstream platforms and knowledge extraction techniques are looked to promote the big data insights. Finally, challenges and opportunities are pointed out in this paper as well.

Big data issues in smart grid – A review

Evolution of microgrids with converter-interfaced generations: Challenges and opportunities

As the need of automation increases significantly, a control system needs to be easily programmable, flexible, reliable, robust and cost effective. In this paper a review on the application of programmable logic controller (PLC) in our current market is discussed. Investigations on the applications of PLCs in energy research, engineering studies, industrial control applications and monitoring of plants are reviewed in this paper. PLCs do have its own limitations, but findings indicate that PLCs have more advantages than limitations. This paper concludes that PLCs can be used for any applications whether it is of simple or complicated control system.

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A review on the applications of programmable logic controllers (PLCs)

The integration of the distributed generation (DG) systems into the power grid is a significant issue to provide a reliable operation of the power system. DG systems must meet some technical requirements to achieve a successful grid connection. Islanding is also a vital issue for a reliable integration of DG systems with the grid. There have been many islanding detection methods researched in the literature, but most of them have some boundaries related to the local load and the inverter. In this study, a new remote islanding detection method is introduced for a developed wind–solar hybrid power plant, and a practical solution is researched by classifying the current methods. The proposed method monitors and controls the grid, local load and the output of the PV inverter in real time with the communication of circuit breakers. The proposed remote control system detects the changes in the currents of the circuit breakers, frequency and the active powers by checking the defined threshold values at all electrical branches of the hybrid DG system. When the breaker current goes to zero, or they are under/over defined threshold values, the circuit breakers are tripped by using a real-time control system that is developed with Labview. The proposed method also checks the frequency, active powers, and reactive powers with the currents in real-time, so it is independent of the load, and it is not inverter resident. Islanding detection time is just a cycle, and it is a considerably short response time according to the current standards. Non-detection zone (NDZ) is also zero in the proposed method. The experimental results prove that the developed remote islanding detection method is easily implemented in wind–solar DG systems, and it is also suitable for real system applications.

Implementation of a new remote islanding detection method for wind–solar hybrid power plants

Grid connected fuel cell and PV hybrid power generating system design with Matlab Simulink

A remote islanding detection and control strategy for photovoltaic-based distributed generation systems

Generating power with solar cells has been developed rapidly in recent years and in parallel of photovoltaic (PV) systems becoming widespread in power generation systems in all around the world, there have been some requirements about integration of PV power generation systems into the traditional generation systems. One of these requirements will be monitoring PV generation systems and also adopting PV power generation systems to the present power system is another significant subject. In this study, a monitoring system was introduced for developed PV power generation system in the laboratory with Labview by using its useful and effective tools. 1.2 kWp grid connected PV system was used as a PV power generation system and NI USB-6221 data acquisition (DAQ) card and developed electrical measurement circuits were used for monitoring the PV system. Parameters and parameter changes at current, voltage and generated power in PV system acquired from the system and these parameters were monitored in real time thanks to Labview DAQ card. Output voltage, output current and power generated from the PV system were also monitored with developed Labview software. All the experimental results obtained from the PV power generation system were explained detailed in the paper. Proposed real time monitoring system is robust and reliable for grid connected PV power generating systems and it can be adapted easily to other PV generation systems.

Gökay Bayrak

Papers

Implementation of a new remote islanding detection method for wind–solar hybrid power plants

Grid connected fuel cell and PV hybrid power generating system design with Matlab Simulink

A remote islanding detection and control strategy for photovoltaic-based distributed generation systems

Monitoring a grid connected PV power generation system with labview

A low-cost power management system design for residential hydrogen & solar energy based power plants