抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Metabolic rate (MR) is a key functional trait simply because metabolism converts resources into population growth rate. Yet, our empirical understanding of the sources of within species variation i ...

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2435.12927

The pace-of-life: a sex-specific link between metabolic rate and life history in bean beetles

Identification of novel ejaculate proteins in a seed beetle and division of labour across male accessory reproductive glands.

Mate attractiveness is known to sometimes influence female reproductive investment (i.e. differential allocation) and the sex ratio of her offspring (i.e. sex allocation). Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum rub the lateral edges of the females’ elytra with their tarsi during copulation. This behavior is important for paternity success when females have mated with two males. We manipulated female perception of the leg rubbing behavior by tarsal ablation and tested whether this behavior is also favored through differential allocation and whether it affects sex allocation. We found some support for an increase in female oviposition rate in response to intensive leg rubbing but failed to find any support for an effect on sex allocation. The overall sex ratio of offspring was slightly male biased but females did not appear to regulate the sex ratio of their offspring.

The Effects of Copulatory Courtship on Differential Allocation in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum

The Evolution of Infidelity in Socially Monogamous Passerines Revisited : A Reply to Griffith

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/510606

The Evolution of Infidelity in Socially Monogamous Passerines Revisited: A Reply to Griffith

Sexual selection can promote adaptation if sexually selected traits are reliable indicators of genetic quality. Moreover, models of good genes sexual selection suggest that, by operating more strongly in males than in females, sexual selection may purge deleterious alleles from the population at a low demographic cost, offering an evolutionary benefit to sexually reproducing populations. Here, we investigate the effect of good genes sexual selection on adaptation following environmental change. We show that the strength of sexual selection is often weakened relative to fecundity selection, reducing the suggested benefit of sexual reproduction. This result is a consequence of incorporating a simple and general mechanistic basis for how sexual selection operates under different mating systems, rendering selection on males frequency-dependent and dynamic with respect to the degree of environmental change. Our model illustrates that incorporating the mechanism of selection is necessary to predict evolutionary outcomes and highlights the need to substantiate previous theoretical claims with further work on how sexual selection operates in changing environments.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2018.2313

Göran Arnqvist

Papers

The pace-of-life: a sex-specific link between metabolic rate and life history in bean beetles

Identification of novel ejaculate proteins in a seed beetle and division of labour across male accessory reproductive glands.

The Effects of Copulatory Courtship on Differential Allocation in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum

The Evolution of Infidelity in Socially Monogamous Passerines Revisited: A Reply to Griffith

The efficacy of good genes sexual selection under environmental change.