抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Mutation has a fundamental influence over evolutionary processes, but how evolutionary processes shape mutation rate remains less clear. In asexual unicellular organism, increased mutation rates have been observed in stressful environments and the reigning paradigm ascribes this increase to selection for evolvability. However, this explanation does not apply in sexually reproducing species, where little is known about how the environment affects mutation rate. Here we challenged experimental lines of seed beetle, evolved at ancestral temperature or under simulated climate warming, to repair induced mutations at ancestral and stressful temperature. Results show that temperature stress causes individuals to pass on a greater mutation load to their grand-offspring. This suggests that stress-induced mutation rates, in unicellular and multicellular organisms alike, can result from compromised germline DNA repair in low condition individuals. Moreover, lines adapted to simulated climate warming had evolved increased longevity at the cost of reproduction, and this allocation decision improved germline repair. These results suggest that mutation rates can be modulated by resource allocation trade-offs encompassing life-history traits and the germline and have important implications for rates of adaptation and extinction as well as our understanding of genetic diversity in multicellular organisms.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2017.1721

Temperature effects on life-history trade-offs, germline maintenance and mutation rate under simulated climate warming

Conspecific sperm precedence in flour beetles

Natural selection is generally thought to constrain the effects of sexual selection on secondary sexual traits. In hemimetabolous arthropods, the evolution of complex secondary sexual morphologies may be constrained by interference during the molting process. This study assesses the effects of phenotypic variation in secondary sexual traits during ontogeny in the water strider Gerris odontogaster. In this species, males are provided with a grasping apparatus consisting of two abdominal, ventral processes. It is demonstrated that the length of the processes is positively related to the duration of the ultimate larval molt, presumably because the processes constitute a mechanical hindrance during molting. It is further shown that larvae experience a high risk of mortality from cannibalism during their ultimate molt and that this risk is density-dependent. On the basis of the assumption that cannibalistic events occur at random during molting, males with long processes will suffer higher risk of mortality du...

The cost of male secondary sexual traits: developmental constraints during ontogeny in a sexually dimorphic water strider

Selection can favour the evolution of a high reproductive rate early in life even when this results in a subsequent increase in the rate of mortality, because selection is relatively weak late in life. However, the optimal reproductive schedule of a female may be suboptimal to any one of her mates, and males may thus be selected to modulate female reproductive rate. Owing to such sexual conflict, coevolution between males and females may contribute to the evolution of senescence. By using replicated beetle populations selected for reproduction at an early or late age, we show that males evolve to affect senescence in females in a manner consistent with the genetic interests of males. ‘Late’ males evolved to decelerate senescence and increase the lifespan of control females, relative to ‘early’ males. Our findings demonstrate that adaptive evolution in one sex may involve its effects on senescence in the other, showing that the evolution of optimal life histories in one sex may be either facilitated or constrained by genes expressed in the other.

/pdf/adaptive-male-effects-on-female-ageing-in-seed-beetles-56js0ldbl8.pdf

Adaptive male effects on female ageing in seed beetles

Sexual selection can increase rates of adaptation by imposing strong selection in males, thereby allowing efficient purging of the mutation load on population fitness at a low demographic cost. Ind ...

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jeb.12996

Göran Arnqvist

Papers

Temperature effects on life-history trade-offs, germline maintenance and mutation rate under simulated climate warming

Conspecific sperm precedence in flour beetles

The cost of male secondary sexual traits: developmental constraints during ontogeny in a sexually dimorphic water strider

Adaptive male effects on female ageing in seed beetles

Sex-specific selection under environmental stress in seed beetles.