THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Statistics for Spatial Data.

Ecosystem management that attempts to maximize the production of one ecosystem service often results in substantial declines in the provision of other ecosystem services. For this reason, recent studies have called for increased attention to development of a theoretical understanding behind the relationships among ecosystem services. Here, we review the literature on ecosystem services and propose a typology of relationships between ecosystem services based on the role of drivers and the interactions between services. We use this typology to develop three propositions to help drive ecological science towards a better understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Research which aims to understand the relationships among multiple ecosystem services and the mechanisms behind these relationships will improve our ability to sustainably manage landscapes to provide multiple ecosystem services.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.x

Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services.

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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Human activity and related land use change are the primary cause of accelerated soil erosion, which has substantial implications for nutrient and carbon cycling, land productivity and in turn, worldwide socio-economic conditions. Here we present an unprecedentedly high resolution (250 × 250 m) global potential soil erosion model, using a combination of remote sensing, GIS modelling and census data. We challenge the previous annual soil erosion reference values as our estimate, of 35.9 Pg yr−1 of soil eroded in 2012, is at least two times lower. Moreover, we estimate the spatial and temporal effects of land use change between 2001 and 2012 and the potential offset of the global application of conservation practices. Our findings indicate a potential overall increase in global soil erosion driven by cropland expansion. The greatest increases are predicted to occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The least developed economies have been found to experience the highest estimates of soil erosion rates.

/pdf/an-assessment-of-the-global-impact-of-21st-century-land-use-rdg7ojdzqi.pdf

An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion.

Agricultural soil erosion is thought to perturb the global carbon cycle, but estimates of its effect range from a source of 1 petagram per year(-1) to a sink of the same magnitude. By using caesium-137 and carbon inventory measurements from a large-scale survey, we found consistent evidence for an erosion-induced sink of atmospheric carbon equivalent to approximately 26% of the carbon transported by erosion. Based on this relationship, we estimated a global carbon sink of 0.12 (range 0.06 to 0.27) petagrams of carbon per year(-1) resulting from erosion in the world's agricultural landscapes. Our analysis directly challenges the view that agricultural erosion represents an important source or sink for atmospheric CO2.

/pdf/the-impact-of-agricultural-soil-erosion-on-the-global-carbon-23ui47na6n.pdf

The impact of agricultural soil erosion on the global carbon cycle

Total P (TP), total particulate P (TPP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and dissolved organic P (DOP) were determined in waters from pipe-drains (at 65-cm depth) from the Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted Soils that have received either no P, P in farmyard manure (about 40 kg P ha -1 ) or superphosphate (up to 35 kg P ha -1 ) annually for >150 yr, now contain 05 M NaHCO 3 -extractable P concentrations (Olsen-P) in the plow layer (0- to 23-cm depth) between 5 and 100 mg kg -1 soil Our aim was to determine if significant quantities of P could be detected in the drainage water and their relationship to soil P concentrations On five occasions between October 1992 and January 1994, both TP and DRP from plots receiving superphosphate frequently exceeded 1 mg L -1 and were high compared with literature data Ranging between 66 and 86% of TP, DRP was the largest fraction in drainage water It remained low (<015 mg L -1 ) from plots below 60 mg Olsen-P kg -1  There was then a rapid increase in DRP up to the maximum Olsen-P concentration A simple linear Split-Line Model described this relationship very well for all drainage events This implies that up to 60 mg Olsen-P kg -1 soil (the change point), P was retained strongly in the plow layer Above this, P losses in the drainage water were much more closely related to Olsen-P than commonly suggested The mechanisms could either be preferential flow or rapid transport of P in forms less susceptible to sorption but finally measured as DRP The results suggest enhanced P losses through subsurface runoff on heavy soils, once a certain plow layer concentration of Olsen-P is exceeded

Phosphorus Leaching from Soils Containing Different Phosphorus Concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment

Despite its global significance, soil-atmosphere carbon (C) exchange under the impact of soil redistribution remains an unquantified component of the global C budget. Here we use radionuclide and soil organic carbon (SOC) data for two agricultural fields in Europe to undertake a spatial analysis of sediment and SOC fate during erosion and deposition in agricultural uplands. C fluxes induced by soil redistribution are quantified by incorporating C dynamics in a spatially distributed model including both water- and tillage-induced soil redistribution (SPEROS-C). The SOC patterns predicted by SPEROS- C are in good agreement with field observations and show that in upland areas, tillage erosion and deposition exerts a large influence on SOC redistribution and soil profile evolution at a timescale of a few decades. The formation of new SOC at eroding sites and the burial of eroded SOC below plough depth provide an important mechanism for C sequestration on sloping arable land in the order of 3–10 g C m 2 yr 1 . Any attempt to manage agricultural land to maximize sequestration must fully account for erosion, burial and fate of eroded and buried SOC across the landscape and must also account for the correlation between tillage and erosion.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2005GB002471

Landscape‐scale modeling of carbon cycling under the impact of soil redistribution: The role of tillage erosion

Tillage erosion had been identified as a major process of soil redistribution on sloping arable land The objectives of our study were to investigate the extent of tillage erosion and its effect on soil quality and productivity under Danish conditions Soil samples were collected to a 045-m depth on a regular grid from a 19-ha site and analyzed for 137Cs inventories, as a measure of soil redistribution, soil texture, soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, and phosphorus (P) contents Grain yield was determined at the same sampling points Substantial soil redistribution had occurred during the past decades, mainly due to tillage Average tillage erosion rates of 27 kg m(-2) yr(-1) occurred on the shoulderslopes, while deposition amounted to 12 kg m(-2) yr(-1) on foot- and toeslopes The pattern of soil redistribution could not be explained by water erosion Soil organic carbon and P contents in soil profiles increased from the shoulder- toward the toeslopes Tillage translocation rates were strongly correlated with SOC contents, A-horizon depth, and P contents Thus, tillage erosion had led to truncated soils on shoulderslopes and deep, colluvial soils on the foot- and toeslopes, substantially affecting within-field variability of soil properties We concluded that tillage erosion has important implications for SOC dynamics on hummocky land and increases the risk for nutrient losses by overland flow and leaching Despite the occurrence of deep soils across the study area, evidence suggested that crop productivity was affected by tillage-induced soil redistribution However, tillage erosion effects on crop yield were confounded by topography-yield relationships

Goswin Heckrath

Papers

The impact of agricultural soil erosion on the global carbon cycle

Phosphorus Leaching from Soils Containing Different Phosphorus Concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment

Landscape‐scale modeling of carbon cycling under the impact of soil redistribution: The role of tillage erosion

Tillage erosion and its effect on soil properties and crop yield in Denmark

Phosphorus accumulation and spatial distribution in agricultural soils in Denmark