Effects of various fillers on the sliding wear of polymer composites

Many different polymers and polymer composites are used for engineering applications in which friction and wear are critical issues. This article briefs (a) the importance of polymer tribology in general, (b) the special design principles of polymer composites for low friction and wear under sliding against smooth metallic counterparts, and (c) synergistic effects of nano-particles and traditional fillers and fibers for an optimal tribological performance. Based on these fundamental aspects, the article reviews traditional applications of polymeric tribo-components in mechanical and automotive engineering, including slide elements in textile machines, filament wound bushings for harsh environments, cages of high-precision ball bearings in dental turbines, and hybrid bushings in Diesel fuel injection pumps. A following chapter on special developments of tribo-components outlines (a) ways to achieve electrical conductivity of polymer bearings, (b) the enhancement of self-lubrication and self-healing potential by the incorporation of micro-capsules into the polymer matrix, (c) modern additive manufacturing methods for friction and wear loaded polymer parts, (d) the application and properties of high temperature polymer coatings, and (e) the composition and use of polymer composites under friction at cryogenic temperature conditions.

Polymer composites for tribological applications

This article is a state-of-the-art review of the use of cryogenic cooling using liquefied gases in machining. The review is classified into two major categories, namely cryogenic processing and cryogenic machining. In cryogenic processing also known as cryo-processing, the cutting tool material is subjected to cryogenic temperatures as a part of its heat treatment process. The majority of the reported studies identify that cryo-processing can considerably increase cutting tool life especially for high speed steel tools. It also identified that, in cryogenic machining, a cryogen is used as a cooling substance during cutting operations. The cryogen can be used to freeze the workpiece material and/or cutting tool. This article concludes that cryogenic cooling has demonstrated significant improvements in machinability by changing the material properties of the cutting tool and/or workpiece material at the cutting zone, altering the coefficient of friction and reducing the cutting temperature.

/pdf/state-of-the-art-cryogenic-machining-and-processing-48qg03vwr8.pdf

State-of-the-art cryogenic machining and processing

Friction and wear of PTFE composites at cryogenic temperatures

Cryogenic machining is considered an environmentally safe alternative to conventional machining where cutting fluid is used. However, the improved machinability in cryogenic machining has been attributed to the cooling effect of liquid nitrogen (LN2) in past research. Our recent studies indicate that LN2 may possess a lubrication effect in machining, as evidenced by a reduction of tool wear, the apparent coefficients of friction calculated by a mathematical model, and the secondary deformation in chip metallurgy. However, there is a need for a direct proof of LN2's lubrication effect before it can be claimed to be a lubricant in cryogenic machining. This paper presents the methodology and data from an experiment that measures the normal force and friction force directly in an altered machining setup. This procedure simulates the pure frictional behavior of the tool-chip interface in cryogenic cutting. The results show that LN2 cooled condition has a significantly lower coefficient of friction than dry con...

Experimental evaluation of friction coefficient and liquid nitrogen lubrication effect in cryogenic machining

Tribological behaviour of materials at cryogenic temperatures

Low temperature tribometers and the behaviour of ADLC coatings in cryogenic environment

Friction and wear at low temperatures

Spacers and supports belong to the critical elements in the structure of a nuclear fusion device, particularly, when they are installed in the vacuum or superconducting magnet system of the reactor. These supports have to sustain high loads while allowing a certain amount of tangential movement with low friction and without any stick-slip motion. Vacuum and cryogenic environments are extremely hostile for smooth sliding systems, because conventional liquid lubricants cannot be employed, and only a very limited number of materials for dry sliding systems under these conditions are available. In order to test the friction behaviour of support elements in the field coils of the fusion experiment WENDELSTEIN 7-X, a test rig was build which allows testing in liquid helium environment at 4.2 K, with a normal force up to 150 kN, and a sliding velocity of 0.1 mm/s in oscillating motion. First tests have shown that the apparatus is appropriate for simulating the sliding behaviour of support elements. As an example, a result of an earlier model test of an MoS2-coating is shown.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/100/6/062032/pdf

Apparatus for friction tests of support elements in fusion devices

Friction systems running in cryogenic environment are critical in respect to wear and frictional heat generation because in this temperature range, conventional lubricants can't be applied In order to test the friction and wear behaviour of appropriate solid lubricants and wear resistant material combinations in cryogenic environment, including liquid hydrogen, special test rigs have been constructed These devices provide test conditions for tribological investigations at temperatures ranging from 42K to room temperature in liquid or gaseous environment at pressures between 10-3 mbar and 20 bar Investigations on polymers, composites and metals with and without coatings show that there is a broad variety of appropriate materials for cryogenic friction units, but the behaviour of austenitic steels in such systems gives an example of non sufficient knowledge in this field

H. Börner

Papers

Tribological behaviour of materials at cryogenic temperatures

Low temperature tribometers and the behaviour of ADLC coatings in cryogenic environment

Friction and wear at low temperatures

Apparatus for friction tests of support elements in fusion devices

Low temperature tribology at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)