The question of the nature of the dark matter in the Universe remains one of the most outstanding unsolved problems in basic science. One of the best motivated particle physics candidates is the lightest supersymmetric particle, assumed to be the lightest neutralino—a linear combination of the supersymmetric partners of the photon, the Z boson and neutral scalar Higgs particles. Here we describe DarkSUSY, a publicly available advanced numerical package for neutralino dark matter calculations. In DarkSUSY one can compute the neutralino density in the Universe today using precision methods which include resonances, pair production thresholds and coannihilations. Masses and mixings of supersymmetric particles can be computed within DarkSUSY or with the help of external programs such as FeynHiggs, ISASUGRA and SUSPECT. Accelerator bounds can be checked to identify viable dark matter candidates. DarkSUSY also computes a large variety of astrophysical signals from neutralino dark matter, such as direct detection in low-background counting experiments and indirect detection through antiprotons, antideuterons, gamma-rays and positrons from the galactic halo or high-energy neutrinos from the centre of the Earth or of the Sun. Here we describe the physics behind the package. A detailed manual will be provided with the computer package.

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DarkSUSY: Computing Supersymmetric Dark Matter Properties Numerically

The evidence for the existence of dark matter in the universe is reviewed. A general picture emerges, where both baryonic and non-baryonic dark matter is needed to explain current observations. In particular, a wealth of observational information points to the existence of a non-baryonic component, contributing between around 20 and 40% of the critical mass density needed to make the universe geometrically flat on large scales. In addition, an even larger contribution from vacuum energy (or cosmological constant) is indicated by recent observations. To the theoretically favoured particle candidates for non-baryonic dark matter belong axions, supersymmetric particles, and of less importance, massive neutrinos. The theoretical foundation and experimental situation for each of these is reviewed. Direct and indirect methods for detection of supersymmetric dark matter are described in some detail. Present experiments are just reaching the required sensitivity to discover or rule out some of these candidates, and major improvements are planned over the coming years.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/63/5/2r3/pdf

Non-baryonic dark matter: observational evidence and detection methods

The main objectives of the KM3NeT Collaboration are (i) the discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe and (ii) the determination of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos. These objectives are strongly motivated by two recent important discoveries, namely: (1) the high-energy astrophysical neutrino signal reported by IceCube and (2) the sizable contribution of electron neutrinos to the third neutrino mass eigenstate as reported by Daya Bay, Reno and others. To meet these objectives, the KM3NeT Collaboration plans to build a new Research Infrastructure consisting of a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. A phased and distributed implementation is pursued which maximises the access to regional funds, the availability of human resources and the synergistic opportunities for the Earth and sea sciences community. Three suitable deep-sea sites are selected, namely off-shore Toulon (France), Capo Passero (Sicily, Italy) and Pylos (Peloponnese, Greece). The infrastructure will consist of three so-called building blocks. A building block comprises 115 strings, each string comprises 18 optical modules and each optical module comprises 31 photo-multiplier tubes. Each building block thus constitutes a three-dimensional array of photo sensors that can be used to detect the Cherenkov light produced by relativistic particles emerging from neutrino interactions. Two building blocks will be sparsely configured to fully explore the IceCube signal with similar instrumented volume, different methodology, improved resolution and complementary field of view, including the galactic plane. One building block will be densely configured to precisely measure atmospheric neutrino oscillations.

Letter of intent for KM3NeT 2.0

Simulation of long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments with GLoBES. (General Long Baseline Experiment Simulator)

We review the present status of global analyses of neutrino oscillations, taking into account the most recent neutrino data including the latest KamLAND and K2K updates presented at Neutrino 2004, as well as state-of-the-art solar and atmospheric neutrino flux calculations. We give the two-neutrino solar + KamLAND results, and the two-neutrino atmospheric + K2K oscillation regions, discussing in each case the robustness of the oscillation interpretation against departures from the Standard Solar Model and the possible existence of non-standard neutrino physics. Furthermore, we give the best-fit values and allowed ranges of the three-flavour oscillation parameters from the current worlds' global neutrino data sample and discuss in detail the status of the small parameters α ≡ ΔmSOL2/ΔmATM2 as well as sin2 θ13, which characterize the strength of CP violating effects in neutrino oscillations. We also update the degree of rejection of four-neutrino interpretations of the LSND evidence in view of the most recent developments.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/6/1/122/pdf

Status of global fits to neutrino oscillations

A recent suggestion that the observations of monochromatic photons from annihilation of photinos into quarkonium plus a photon could be a signature of dark-matter photinos is extended to include all S- and P-wave bound quarkonium states for a general interaction Lagrangian and an estimate of the cross sections is given. We also propose the process \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma} as a potentially rich source of monochromatic photons and estimate its strength.

Observable monochromatic photons from cosmic photino annihilation

We derive analytic expressions for three flavor neutrino oscillations in the presence of matter in the plane wave approximation using the Cayley–Hamilton formalism. Especially, we calculate the time evolution operator in both flavor and mass bases. Furthermore, we find the transition probabilities, matter mass squared differences, and matter mixing angles all expressed in terms of the vacuum mass squared differences, the vacuum mixing angles, and the matter density. The conditions for resonance in the presence of matter are also studied in some examples.

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Three flavor neutrino oscillations in matter

Neutrino oscillations with three flavors in matter: Applications to neutrinos traversing the Earth

— A theorem which completes previous studies (mainly due to E. Nelson) concerning integrability criteria of representations of finite dimensional real Lie algebras is presented. This theorem states that if there exists a dense domain of analytic vectors for a representation by skew symmetric operators of a given basis of a finite dimensional real Lie algebra in a complex Hilbert space, and if in addition, this domain is invariant under the basis, then the Lie algebra representation generated by the basis is integrable to a unitary representation of a Lie group.

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Håkan Snellman

Papers

Observable monochromatic photons from cosmic photino annihilation

Three flavor neutrino oscillations in matter

Neutrino oscillations with three flavors in matter: Applications to neutrinos traversing the Earth

Simple facts about analytic vectors and integrability

Perturbative QCD effects in the non-perturbative low energy region