抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

/pdf/new-approaches-to-nanofabrication-molding-printing-and-other-9d730ga5zp.pdf

New approaches to nanofabrication: molding, printing, and other techniques.

Keywords: Fragmentation Chain-Transfer ; Self-Assembled Monolayers ; Walled Carbon Nanotubes ; Well-Defined Polymer ; Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization ; Block-Copolymer Brushes ; Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Brushes ; Transfer Raft Polymerization ; Quartz-Crystal Microbalance ; Poly(Acrylic Acid) Brushes Reference EPFL-REVIEW-148464doi:10.1021/cr900045aView record in Web of Science Record created on 2010-04-23, modified on 2017-05-10

Polymer Brushes via Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Applications

In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping ...

Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

/pdf/studies-in-surface-science-and-catalysis-2ogdlcr44y.pdf

Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis

Springtails (Collembola) are wingless arthropods adapted to cutaneous respiration in temporarily rain-flooded habitats. They immediately form a plastron, protecting them against suffocation upon immersion into water and even low-surface-tension liquids such as alkanes. Recent experimental studies revealed a high-pressure resistance of such plastrons against collapse. In this work, skin sections of Orthonychiurus stachianus are studied by transmission electron microscopy. The micrographs reveal cavity side-wall profiles with characteristic overhangs. These were fitted by polynomials to allow access for analytical and numerical calculations of the breakthrough pressure, that is, the barrier against plastron collapse. Furthermore, model profiles with well-defined geometries were used to set the obtained results into context and to develop a general design principle for the most robust surface structures. Our results indicate the decisive role of the sectional profile of overhanging structures to form a robus...

Wetting Resistance at Its Topographical Limit: The Benefit of Mushroom and Serif T Structures

Springtail skin morphology is translated into robust omniphobic polymer membranes by reverse imprint lithography. The combination of overhanging cross-sections and their arrangement in a self-supporting comblike pattern are crucial for mechanically stable coatings that can be even applied to curved surfaces.

/pdf/biologically-inspired-omniphobic-surfaces-by-reverse-imprint-2phqlu2i4b.pdf

Biologically inspired omniphobic surfaces by reverse imprint lithography

Numerous high tech applications of polymer materialsbase on their thin film properties. These applications arerelated to microelectronic devices, optics layers includingphotographic material or diagnostic systems based onbiochip technology. Especially bioanalytical applicationsvery often require polymers in order to bind biofunctionalmolecules by chemical modification within the films.The perfectness of thin and ultrathin films prepared byspin-or dip-coating is strongly dependent on the wettingand dewetting behaviour of the polymer solutions on thesubstrate. In particular the preparation of ultrathin films(thickness a30 nm) is very sensitive regarding the dewet-ting behaviour. A typical scenario that appears by dewet-ting on homogeneous surfaces during the dip-coating pro-cess and the resulting film morphologies is illustrated inFig. 1.These typical features can be also observed duringdewetting of thin molten polymer films.Full Paper: We describe a new experimental attempt togenerate defined ultrathin microstructured polymer films.Microcontact printing of 11-undecanoic acid has beenused to modify the wetting properties of bare gold sur-faces to prepare poor wettable surface domains downwardto 4 lm size. Film formation of polystyrene films thinnerthan 20 nm was achieved by dip-coatingfrom a solutionof polystyrene in chloroform. The nucleation of holes andthe dewetting process was completely controlled by theheterogenity of the surface. Large areas with well definedhole patterns were achieved by the controlled dewettingduring the dip-coating process. The remaining filmshowed no indications for dewetting on the bare gold sur-face. Especially at higher polymer concentrations Ray-leigh instabilities within coalescent rims of adjacent holesare shown to influence the film morphology. Some criteriawhich are relevant for the design of surface film patternsby controlled dewetting are discussed.Low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM)which is used appears to be an excellent method for thecharacterisation of ultrathin films and organic layersdownward to 5 nm thickness.

Controlled dewetting processes on microstructured surfaces – a new procedure for thin film microstructuring

Fabrication of metallized nanowires from self-assembled diblock copolymer templates

Science and Technology: New Series, Vol. 17b: Semiconductors, Springer, Berlin 1982. [24] J. P. Faurie, A. Million, J. Cryst. Growth 1981, 54, 582. [25] K. Nishitani, R. Ohkata, T. Murotani, J. Electron. Mater. 1983, 12, 619. [26] J. P. Faurie, A. Million, J. Piaguet, J. Cryst. Growth 1982, 59, 10 [27] As mentioned in e.g. J. Rockenberger, L. Troger, A. L. Rogach, M. Tischer, M. Grundmann, H. Weller, A. Eychmuller, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 1998, 102, 1561, the size of nanoparticles depends on the method used to determine this quantity. This problem is still under investigation.

/pdf/ultrathin-microstructured-polypeptide-layers-by-surface-58adrfjfvx.pdf

Hans-Georg Braun

Papers

Wetting Resistance at Its Topographical Limit: The Benefit of Mushroom and Serif T Structures

Biologically inspired omniphobic surfaces by reverse imprint lithography

Controlled dewetting processes on microstructured surfaces – a new procedure for thin film microstructuring

Fabrication of metallized nanowires from self-assembled diblock copolymer templates

Ultrathin Microstructured Polypeptide Layers by Surface-initiated Polymerization on Microprinted Surfaces**