/pdf/convex-analysisnoer-san-nojin-zhan-nituite-5dl2rbmoyr.pdf

Convex Analysisの二,三の進展について

/pdf/the-theory-of-industrial-organization-19bejph0ej.pdf

The Theory of Industrial Organization

A new era of theoretical computer science addresses fundamental problems about auctions, networks, and human behavior.

http://www.maths.lse.ac.uk/Personal/stengel/TEXTE/agt-stengel.pdf

Algorithmic Game Theory

Cost Effectiveness in Health and Medicine.

ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics

Intensive care costs are a challenge to the health care system. Because of a political strategy aiming at competition as well as the documentation of treatment quality, cost-effectiveness evaluations are important in order to clarify the association between quality and the costs of treating critically-ill patients. The context of cost-effect analyses is important. Most studies apply the hospital's perspective based on surrogate markers such as organ failure and length of stay as a replacement for health status evaluation in the context of society. The treatment of critically-ill patients aims at improved health. Cost-effectiveness analyses should therefore include quality variables in that the healthcare system is an integral and inseparable part of society.

[Methods for cost-effectiveness evaluation of intensive care].

On the continuity of representations of effectivity functions

Representative systems with n-voters are hierarchical choice functions from {-1, 0, 1} n to {-1, 0, 1} constructed as iterations of weighted majority voting. The height of a representative system is the minimal number of iterations necessary for this construction.

Heights of representative systems: A proof of Fishburn's conjecture

INTRODUCTION In deciding whether a pharmaceutical drug should be granted reimbursement, economic considerations play a considerable role. However, the fact that the very decision on reimbursement - whether individual, conditional or general--influences the cost-effectiveness of the drug considered as a medical intervention is often overlooked. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the computation of cost-effectiveness not only purely medical effects should be taken into consideration but also the risk that a patient in need of treatment is not treated--possibly as a consequence of the procedure involved in applying for individual reimbursement--as well as the risk of wasting resources on treatment that is not medically justified. The method is illustrated by a concrete example based on the data from treatment of coronary heart disease patients with statins in the period 1994-1998 where reimbursement was given on an individual basis and after 1998 when conditional reimbursement was introduced. RESULTS The individually-based regime turns out to have been very cost-ineffective, given that it prevented medically appropriate treatment of a large number of patients. A simple calculation along the principles outlined here would have shown this resource-loss. DISCUSSION Including the reimbursement regime in the assessment of cost-effectiveness seems to be a useful tool for preventing the loss of patients who could have been treated at a lower cost with the medical intervention considered than with other interventions currently used in the health care sector.

[Economic feasibility study and reimbursement rules--illustrated by a concrete example].

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of losartan compared with atenolol for the treatment of hypertension, both from the point of view of society and from that of the health care sector, based on data from the LIFE study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The computations are based on a simple decision tree model, where the probability of stroke was obtained from the LIFE study, a double-blind, randomised clinical study of 9,193 patients with hypertensive left ventricle hypertrophy. RESULTS The treatment of hypertension with losartan rather than atenolol entails a cost of DKK 19,668 per gained quality-adjusted life year (QALY), when only the cost of the health care sector is taken into account, and DKK 72,564 if all costs to society are included. CONCLUSION The analysis shows that treatment with losartan is cost-effective even when the uncertainty in both data and economic evaluations is taken into account.

Hans Keiding

Papers

[Methods for cost-effectiveness evaluation of intensive care].

On the continuity of representations of effectivity functions

Heights of representative systems: A proof of Fishburn's conjecture

[Economic feasibility study and reimbursement rules--illustrated by a concrete example].

[Cost-effectiveness of treatment of high blood pressure with losartan in Denmark].