Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Modern attempts to produce biogeographic maps focus on the distribution of species, and the maps are typically drawn without phylogenetic considerations. Here, we generate a global map of zoogeographic regions by combining data on the distributions and phylogenetic relationships of 21,037 species of amphibians, birds, and mammals. We identify 20 distinct zoogeographic regions, which are grouped into 11 larger realms. We document the lack of support for several regions previously defined based on distributional data and show that spatial turnover in the phylogenetic composition of vertebrate assemblages is higher in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. We further show that the integration of phylogenetic information provides valuable insight on historical relationships among regions, permitting the identification of evolutionarily unique regions of the world.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/339/6115/74.full.pdf

An Update of Wallace’s Zoogeographic Regions of the World

A comprehensive statistical analysis of how an index of the Southern Oscillation changed from 1882 to 1995 was given by Trenberth and Hoar [1996], with a focus on the unusual nature of the 1990–1995 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event in the context of an observed trend for more El Nino and fewer La Nina events after the late 1970s. The conclusions of that study have been challenged by two studies which deal with only the part of our results pertaining to the length of runs of anomalies of one sign in the Southern Oscillation Index. They therefore neglect the essence of Trenberth and Hoar, which focussed on the magnitude of anomalies for certain periods and showed that anomalies during both the post-1976 and 1990-mid-1995 periods were highly unlikely given the previous record. With updated data through mid 1997, we have performed additional tests using a regression model with autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) errors that simultaneously estimates the appropriate ARMA model to fit the data and assesses the statistical significance of how unusual the two periods of interest are. The mean SOI for the post-1976 period is statistically different from the overall mean at <0.05% and so is the 1990-mid-1995 period. The recent evolution of ENSO, with a major new El Nino event underway in 1997, reinforces the evidence that the tendency for more El Nino and fewer La Nina events since the late 1970s is highly unusual and very unlikely to be accounted for solely by natural variability.

El Nino and climate change

We review the scientific literature, especially from the past decade, on the impacts of human activities on the Antarctic environment. A range of impacts has been identified at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Chemical contamination and sewage disposal on the continent have been found to be long-lived. Contemporary sewage management practices at many coastal stations are insufficient to prevent local contamination but no introduction of non-indigenous organisms through this route has yet been demonstrated. Human activities, particularly construction and transport, have led to disturbances of flora and fauna. A small number of non-indigenous plant and animal species has become established, mostly on the northern Antarctic Peninsula and southern archipelagos of the Scotia Arc. There is little indication of recovery of overexploited fish stocks, and ramifications of fishing activity on bycatch species and the ecosystem could also be far-reaching. The Antarctic Treaty System and its instruments, in particular the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources and the Environmental Protocol, provide a framework within which management of human activities take place. In the face of the continuing expansion of human activities in Antarctica, a more effective implementation of a wide range of measures is essential, in order to ensure comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment, including its intrinsic, wilderness and scientific values which remains a fundamental principle of the Antarctic Treaty System. These measures include effective environmental impact assessments, long-term monitoring, mitigation measures for non-indigenous species, ecosystem-based management of living resources, and increased regulation of National Antarctic Programmes and tourism activities.

/pdf/impacts-of-local-human-activities-on-the-antarctic-5cotzwx4cx.pdf

Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a useful tool in polar research. While their performance is already proven, little is known about their impact on wildlife. To assess the disturbance caused on the penguins, flights with a UAV were conducted over an Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony. Vertical and horizontal flights were performed between 10 and 50 m in altitude. Penguins’ reactions were video-recorded, and the behavioural response was used to indicate the level of disturbance. During any flight mode, disturbance increased immediately after takeoff and remained elevated at all altitudes between 20 and 50 m. When the UAV descended below 20 m, the disturbance increased further with almost all individuals being vigilant. Only at these low altitudes, vertical flights caused an even higher level of disturbance than horizontal ones. Repetitions of horizontal overflights showed no short-term habituation occurring. Since the results are only valid for the specific UAV model used, we recommend a more extensive approach with different UAV specifications. As the highest flight altitudes already caused detectable but not subjectively visible responses, we also recommend to regard subjective impressions of disturbance with caution.

Measuring the influence of unmanned aerial vehicles on Adélie penguins

The Antarctic terrestrial environment is under increasing pressure from human activities. The Fildes Region is characterized by high biodiversity, but is also a major logistic centre for the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Different interests, from scientific research, nature conservation, protection of geological and historical values, station operations, transport logistics and tourism, regularly overlap in space and time. This has led to increasing conflict among the multiple uses of the region and breaches of the legal requirements for environmental protection that apply in the area. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of human activities in the Fildes Region by monitoring the distribution of bird and seal breeding sites and recording human activities and their associated environmental impacts. Data from an initial monitoring period 200306 were compared with data from 200810. We observed similar or increased levels of air, land and ship traffic, but fewer violations of overflight limits near Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 150 Ardley Island. Open waste dumping and oil contamination are still major environmental impacts. Scientific and outdoor leisure activities undertaken by station personnel are more frequent than tourist activities and are likely to have a commensurate level of environmental impact. Despite the initial success of some existing management measures, it is essential that scientific and environmental values continue to be safeguarded, otherwise environmental impacts will increase and the habitat will be further degraded. We argue that the Fildes Region should be considered for designation as an Antarctic Specially Managed Area, a measure that has proven effective for environmental management of vulnerable areas of the Antarctic. Keywords: human impact; Antarctic; Fildes Region; environmental management; Antarctic Specially Managed Area; protected area (Published: 18 May 2012) Citation: Polar Research 2012, 31 , 18206, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18206

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/polar.v31i0.18206

Environmental monitoring and management proposals for the Fildes Region, King George Island, Antarctica

Seabirds in seasonal environments are often long-distance migrants and, for many spe- cies and populations, their ranges throughout the non-breeding period are unknown. As conditions during the non-breeding season often affect subsequent performance, the choice of migration strat- egy can have major implications for timing of breeding and success and, ultimately, population dynamics. We tracked south polar skuas Catharacta maccormicki from a single breeding population at King George Island in the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). Overall, 27 birds (69%) migrated to the northern Atlantic (3 regions), 10 birds (26%) to the northern Pacific Ocean (2 regions), and 2 birds wintered in the southern hemisphere. Individuals tracked in consecutive non-breeding seasons chose the same ocean for wintering. Despite migrating to different oceans, birds showed a similar figure-of- eight flight pattern and equivalent residency periods in the main wintering areas. In addition, 87% of the migrants used terminal stop-over sites off South America shortly before returning to the breeding site. High diversity of migration patterns may buffer south polar skuas from climate change and other anthropogenic threats.

/pdf/south-polar-skuas-from-a-single-breeding-population-4q970ll5zp.pdf

South polar skuas from a single breeding population overwinter in different oceans though show similar migration patterns

Skuas of the Northern Hemisphere feed on a variety of items and use different foraging techniques (Furness 1987). From the literature it became evident that the same holds true also for their southern counterparts. A detailed knowledge of food composition and consumption appears to be an important research object because reproduction is known to be affected by changes in food abundance in the Great Skua Catharacta skua as well as in the Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus (Furness & Hislop 1981, Hamer et al. 1991, Phillips et al. 1996). Food availability also appears to be the most important factor that explains the latitudinal gradient in the breeding success of Southern Hemisphere skuas (Reinhardt 1997a). The aim of the present paper is to provide a review of the published records of food items of Southern Hemisphere skuas Catharacta sp. With the presentation of quantitative data we hope to encourage energetic studies by the use of Nagy’s (1987) equations for quantitative foodweb modelling. A further aspect is the variety of different predator-prey interactions. Therefore, food categories are presented on the species level if possible. Recent studies found that diet differences are often the result of different sampling techniques (Young 1990, Moncorps et al. 1998, Reinhardt 1998). Sampling techniques are, therefore, also presented.

Hans-Ulrich Peter

Papers

Measuring the influence of unmanned aerial vehicles on Adélie penguins

Environmental monitoring and management proposals for the Fildes Region, King George Island, Antarctica

South polar skuas from a single breeding population overwinter in different oceans though show similar migration patterns

A review of the diets of southern hemisphere skuas

Phylogeography of the southern skua complex—rapid colonization of the southern hemisphere during a glacial period and reticulate evolution