The purpose of this evidence summary is to provide the best available information on the effect of anti-oxidants on mortality in patients with various diseases.

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Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases

https://apam.columbia.edu/files/seasdepts/applied-physics-and-applied-math/pdf-files/06-salk-chan.pdf

Cerium and yttrium oxide nanoparticles are neuroprotective.

Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and “antioxidants”. Today, these redox catalysts are increasingly recognized for their specific role in redox signaling. The number of publications published on the functions of these proteins continues to increase exponentially. The field is experiencing an exciting transformation, from looking at a general redox homeostasis and the pathological oxidative stress model to realizing redox changes as a part of localized, rapid, specific, and reversible redox-regulated signaling events. This review summarizes the almost 50 years of research on these proteins, focusing primarily on data from vertebrates and mammals. The role of Trx fold proteins in redox signaling is discussed by looking at reaction mechanisms, reversible oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins, and characterized interaction partners. On the basis of this analysis, th...

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Thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and peroxiredoxins--molecular mechanisms and health significance: from cofactors to antioxidants to redox signaling.

http://www.johnsonupdaydowndaydiet.samsbiz.com/content/00/01/53/97/83/userimages/ADCR%20article.pdf

Alternate day calorie restriction improves clinical findings and reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight adults with moderate asthma.

COPD as a Disease of Accelerated Lung Aging

Background: Reactive oxygen species might play an important role in the modulation of airway inflammation. There is evidence of an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in asthma. Although several oxidants and antioxidants are likely to be involved, alterations in only limited parameters have been studied in isolation. Objective: We investigated changes in a wide range of oxidants and antioxidants to create a comprehensive picture of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance. Methods: In the peripheral blood of 38 patients with bronchial asthma and 23 control subjects, oxidative stress was measured in terms of superoxide anion generation by leukocytes, lipid peroxidation products, total nitrates and nitrites, total protein carbonyls, and total protein sulfhydrils in plasma. Antioxidant status was evaluated by measuring red blood cell superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, total blood glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase activity in red blood cells and leukocytes and total antioxidant capacity in plasma. Results: Asthmatic patients showed increased superoxide generation from leukocytes, increased total nitrites and nitrates, increased protein carbonyls, and increased lipid peroxidation products and decreased protein sulfhydrils in plasma, indicating increased oxidative stress. They also showed increased superoxide dismutase activity in red blood cells and increased total blood glutathione and decreased glutathione peroxidase activity in red blood cells and leukocytes. Red blood cell catalase activity and the total antioxidant capacity of plasma were not altered. Conclusion: There are alterations in a wide array of oxidants and antioxidants, with balance shifting toward increased oxidative stress in asthma. Therapeutic augmentation of the antioxidant defenses might be beneficial. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:72-8.)

Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in asthma.

An imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity has been proposed to play an important role in the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We carried out a study to assess the systemic oxidant-antioxidant status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and relate it to the severity of disease. We measured a wide range of parameters of oxidant-antioxidant balance in leukocytes, plasma and red cells of 82 patients with COPD and 22 healthy non-smoking controls (HNC). Lung function was measured by spirometry. Staging of COPD was done as per the recommended guidelines. Red cell antioxidative enzyme activities were altered, with glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) having lower, superoxide dismutase (SOD) having greater and catalase having similar activity in patients as compared to HNC. In plasma, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total protein sulfhydryls were lower and GSH-Px, lipid peroxides measured as MDA-TBA products, and protein carbonyls were higher in the patients as compared to HNC. Plasma total nitrates and nitrites (NO
 x
 ) were similar in the two groups. Superoxide anion (O2•−) release from leukocytes upon stimulation with N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) and total blood glutathione were also higher in patients as compared to HNC. Plasma FRAP had a positive whereas total blood glutathione had a significant negative correlation with the severity of airways obstruction (FEV1% predicted). Further, comparisons between clinical stages of severity of COPD revealed significant differences in plasma FRAP and total blood glutathione. Our observations suggest there is a systemic oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in the patients with COPD.

Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, especially during acute exacerbations. To compare the systemic oxidant-antioxidant status in patients with acute exacerbations and stable asthma, we measured a wide range of parameters of oxidant-antioxidant balance in leukocytes, plasma, and red cells of 32 patients with acute exacerbations and 97 patients with stable asthma. These included measurement of superoxide anion generation by leukocytes, lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS), total nitrates and nitrites, protein carbonyls, and protein sulfhydryls in plasma. Antioxidant status was evaluated by measuring the red cell superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, total blood glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity in red cell and plasma, and total antioxidant capacity (assessed as ferric reducing antioxidant power) in plasma. Plasma total antioxidant capacity and total protein sulfhydryls were found to be decreased (p 0.05). Our observations suggest that acute exacerbations of asthma are associated with increased oxidative stress that is evident from some of the parameters in the plasma. Failure to observe simultaneous changes in all parameters of oxidative stress may be due to the possibility of their responses being dissociated in time or compensatory changes occurring in some of these.

Increased Oxidative Stress in Acute Exacerbations of Asthma

In the mice, instillation of influenza virus A/Udorn/317/72(H3N2) intranasally resulted in a significant decrease in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. There was a decrease in vitamin E level also. These effects were observed on the 5th day after viral instillation. Oral supplementation with quercetin simultaneous with viral instillation produced significant increases in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. However, quercetin did not reverse the fall in vitamin E level associated with the viral infection. It is concluded that during influenza virus infection, there is ‘oxidative stress.’ Because quercetin restored the concentrations of many antioxidants, it is proposed that it may be useful as a drug in protecting the lung from the deleterious effects of oxygen derived free radicals released during influenza virus infection.

Hanumanthrao Guru Raj

Papers

Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in asthma.

Increased oxidative stress and altered levels of antioxidants in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Increased Oxidative Stress in Acute Exacerbations of Asthma

Effect of quercetin supplementation on lung antioxidants after experimental influenza virus infection

Mechanism of biochemical action of substituted 4-methylbenzopyran-2-ones. Part II