https://escholarship.org/content/qt58j5g2jv/qt58j5g2jv.pdf?t=qmrb1o

COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view.

Safety and immunogenicity of S-Trimer (SCB-2019), a protein subunit vaccine candidate for COVID-19 in healthy adults: a phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines.

/pdf/distinguishing-features-of-current-covid-19-vaccines-knowns-1zb537qkxw.pdf

Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action

This report examines various vaccine platforms including inactivated vaccines, protein-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and nucleic acid (DNA or mRNA) vaccines, and their ways of producing immunogens in cells.

A Comprehensive Review of the Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Vaccine adjuvants: Understanding the structure and mechanism of adjuvanticity.

Vaccine development utilizing various platforms is one of the strategies that has been proposed to address the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Adjuvants are critical components of both subunit and certain inactivated vaccines because they induce specific immune responses that are more robust and long-lasting. A review of the history of coronavirus vaccine development demonstrates that only a few adjuvants, including aluminum salts, emulsions, and TLR agonists, have been formulated for the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and currently the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in experimental and pre-clinical studies. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding the effects of the adjuvants tested in coronavirus vaccines. This paper presents an overview of adjuvants that have been formulated in reported coronavirus vaccine studies, which should assist with the design and selection of adjuvants with optimal efficacy and safety profiles for COVID-19 vaccines.

/pdf/adjuvants-for-coronavirus-vaccines-2hpy82n07o.pdf

Adjuvants for Coronavirus Vaccines.

Engineering aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles with well-controlled surface property to enhance humoral immune responses as vaccine adjuvants.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medicines, and particularly discloses a vaccine nano-aluminum phosphate adjuvant based on chemical precipitation principles, a preparation method of adjuvant and an isoelectric-point adjusting method of the adjuvant. The particle diameter of the adjuvant is 10-40nm, the PDI (polydispersity index) of the adjuvant is 0.2-0.4, and isoelectric points ofthe adjuvant are 3-6. The aluminum phosphate adjuvant is good in uniformity, stable in nature and good in dispersibility, a pH (potential of hydrogen) value is adjusted in the reaction precipitation process, and an isoelectric point of a final product can be accurately adjusted. The method is simple in operation process and easy to control, and the adjuvant has potential application prospects in the field of biomedicines such as vaccine.

Isoelectric-point-controllable aluminum phosphate nano-adjuvant and preparation method thereof

Disclosed are an aluminium phosphate nano adjuvant for a vaccine based on a chemical precipitation principle, a preparation method therefor, and a method for regulating and controlling an isoelectric point thereof. The adjuvant has a particle size between 10-40 nm, a PDI dispersion index between 0.2-0.4, and an isoelectric point between 3-6. The aluminium phosphate adjuvant has a good homogeneity, stable properties, and a good dispersity, and the isoelectric point of a final product can be accurately regulated and controlled by regulating and controlling the pH value in a reaction precipitation process. The present method has a simple operation process and is easy to control, and has potential application prospects in the biomedical field, such as adjuvants for vaccines.

Haoru Zhu

Papers

Vaccine adjuvants: Understanding the structure and mechanism of adjuvanticity.

Adjuvants for Coronavirus Vaccines.

Engineering aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles with well-controlled surface property to enhance humoral immune responses as vaccine adjuvants.

Isoelectric-point-controllable aluminum phosphate nano-adjuvant and preparation method thereof

Aluminium phosphate nano adjuvant with controllable isoelectric point and preparation method therefor