A major new professional reference work on fingerprint security systems and technology from leading international researchers in the field Handbook provides authoritative and comprehensive coverage of all major topics, concepts, and methods for fingerprint security systems This unique reference work is an absolutely essential resource for all biometric security professionals, researchers, and systems administrators

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Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition

Forecasting with artificial neural networks: the state of the art

A review and tutorial of the fundamental ideas and methods of joint time-frequency distributions is presented. The objective of the field is to describe how the spectral content of a signal changes in time and to develop the physical and mathematical ideas needed to understand what a time-varying spectrum is. The basic gal is to devise a distribution that represents the energy or intensity of a signal simultaneously in time and frequency. Although the basic notions have been developing steadily over the last 40 years, there have recently been significant advances. This review is intended to be understandable to the nonspecialist with emphasis on the diversity of concepts and motivations that have gone into the formation of the field. >

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Time-frequency distributions-a review

1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory

This paper presents algorithmic details of an unsupervised neural network and unbiased diagnostic methodology, that is, 
no lookup table is needed that labels the input training data with desired outputs. We deploy the smart algorithm on two 
satellite-grade infrared (IR) cameras. Although an early malignant tumor must be small in size and cannot be resolved by 
a single pixel that images about hundreds cells, these cells reveal themselves physiologically by emitting spontaneously 
thermal radiation due to the rapid cell growth angiogenesis effect (In Greek: vessels generation for increasing tumor blood 
supply), shifting toward, according to physics, a shorter IR wavelengths emission band. If we use those exceedingly 
sensitive IR spectral band cameras, we can in principle detect whether or not the breast tumor is perhaps malignant through 
a thin blouse in a close-up dark room. If this protocol turns out to be reliable in a large scale follow-on Vatican experiment 
in 2006, which might generate business investment interests of nano-engineering manufacture of nano-camera made of 
1-D Carbon Nano-Tubes without traditional liquid Nitrogen coolant for Mid IR camera, then one can accumulate the 
probability of any type of malignant tumor at every pixel over time in the comfort of privacy without religious or other 
concerns. Such a non-intrusive protocol alone may not have enough information to make the decision, but the changes 
tracked over time will be surely becoming significant. Such an ill-posed inverse heat source transfer problem can be solved 
because of the universal constraint of equilibrium physics governing the blackbody Planck radiation distribution, to be 
spatio-temporally sampled. Thus, we must gather two snapshots with two IR cameras to form a vector data X(t) per pixel 
to invert the matrix-vector equation X=[A]S pixel-by-pixel independently, known as a single-pixel blind sources separation 
(BSS). Because the unknown heat transfer matrix or the impulse response function [A] may vary from the point tumor to 
its neighborhood, we could not rely on neighborhood statistics as did in a popular unsupervised independent component 
analysis (ICA) mathematical statistical method, we instead impose the physics equilibrium condition of the minimum of 
Helmholtz free-energy, H = E - T o S . In case of the point breast cancer, we can assume the constant ground state energy E o to be normalized by those benign neighborhood tissue, and then the excited state can be computed by means of Taylor series expansion in terms of the pixel I/O data. We can augment the X-ray mammogram technique with passive IR imaging 
to reduce the unwanted X-rays during the chemotherapy recovery. When the sequence is animated into a movie, and the 
recovery dynamics is played backward in time, the movie simulates the cameras' potential for early detection without 
suffering the PD=0.1 search uncertainty. In summary, we applied two satellite-grade dual-color IR imaging cameras and 
advanced military (automatic target recognition) ATR spectrum fusion algorithm at the middle wavelength IR (3 - 5μm) 
and long wavelength IR (8 - 12μm), which are capable to screen malignant tumors proved by the time-reverse fashion of 
the animated movie experiments. On the contrary, the traditional thermal breast scanning/imaging, known as thermograms 
over decades, was IR spectrum-blind, and limited to a single night-vision camera and the necessary waiting for the cool 
down period for taking a second look for change detection suffers too many environmental and personnel variabilities.

Thermodynamic free-energy minimization for unsupervised fusion of dual-color infrared breast images

Because of the foot print of a pixel is relative large, one pixel usually contains more than one material. The spectrum of each pixel vector can be considered as spectral mixture of all materials present in that pixel. How to unmix the spectra while dealing with constraint at the same time is a challenging problem in spectral mixture analysis. One approach is supervised constrained least squares approach, which has full knowledge about the spectrum signatures of endmembers resident in the image scene. The other is unsupervised unmixing method using Lagrangian Artificial Neural Network (LANN) with no knowledge about the image scene. The concept of unit-sum constraint is identical in both cases, the difference is whether one uses the known spectral characteristics for the supervised training or not. In practice, we need both methodologies for efficiency reasons, since there is 'curse of dimensionality' (too large degree of freedom in hyperspectral). The supervised one can reduce the search and ID size and the unsupervised one can discover the unknown interferences and thus in constrained least squares algorithms help ID. The constrained least squares method has been discussed in digital signal processing and applied to hyperspectral imagery while LANN to multispectral imagery. In this paper, we expend LANN to hyperspectral image classification and also discuss the relationship between the constrained least squares method and LANN. These two methods alleviate this problem by adopting the Lagrange multiplier in neural network to relax the sum-to-one constraint. To evaluate this designed algorithm a series of experiments using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS images are conducted to show its potential usefulness in hyperspectral image classification.

Unified Lagrangian Neural Network method for subpixel classification in hyperspectral imagery

A method and apparatus for determining three dimensional sub-voxel positions using synthetic aperture radar. The apparatus includes at least four non-coplanar, phase-coherent synthetic aperture radar (SAR) platforms comprising a plurality of phase-synchronized local oscillators cohered to a common reference clock, a first SAR platform of the SAR platforms operable to transmit a radar waveform, and the SAR platforms operable to receive scattered energy waveforms resulting from the radar waveform and operable to generate two-dimensional (2-D) SAR images based on the received scattered energy waveforms. The apparatus also includes a synchronizing processor operable to communicate with the SAR platforms and operable to synchronize a plurality of SAR transmission and receiving intervals for the SAR platforms. Optionally, the apparatus also includes an image-coregistration processor operable to receive at least four 2-D SAR images from the SAR platforms, and operable to generate a 3-D SAR image having 3-D voxel positions by coregistering the 2-D SAR images. Optionally, the apparatus also includes a sub-voxel position processor operable to calculate sub-voxel positions of single point scatterers from differential phase measurements on a given voxel across all of the SAR platforms.

Method and apparatus for 3-D sub-voxel position imaging with synthetic aperture radar

Hydrodynamic propagators of forces are formulated and studied in the following cases: for uniform temperature, neglecting convection or using Oseen's linearization, with or without compressibility, and also for nonuniform temperature. Discussions and comparisons are given wherever possible. Such a propagator formalism is useful in cases of hydrodynamic interactions among solid bodies, as well as thermodynamic fluctuation forces. It is found that the velocity correlation functions describe a source with time‐dependent or ‐independent Oseen propagators. The correlation of pressure fluctuations, which exists even in the absence of dissipation, agrees with the result derived from the relaxation function of the mechanical fluctuation‐dissipation theorem, as well as with the thermodynamic equilibrium correlation. The correlation of temperature fluctuations describes a diffusion process of the variance κ/ρ0cp when cp = cν. In accordance with Curie's principle of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, it is found that th...

Fluctuation‐dissipation theorems on the basis of hydrodynamic propagators

The "smile of a mother" is always recognized, whenever and wherever. But why is my PC always dumb and
unable to recognize me or my needs, whoever or whatever? This paper postulates that such a 6 W's query and search
system needs matching storage. Such a lament will soon be mended with a smarter PC, or a smarter Google engine, a
network computer, working in the field of data retrieval, feature extraction, reduction, and knowledge precipitation.
Specifically, the strategy of modern information storage and retrieval shall work like our brains, which are constantly
overwhelmed by 5 pairs of identical tapes taken by eyes, ears, etc. 5 high fidelity sensors generate 5 pairs of high
definition tapes which produce the seeing and hearing etc. in our perception. This amounts to 10 tapes recorded in a
non-abridged fashion. How can we store and retrieve them when we need to? We must reduce the redundancy,
enhancing the signal noise ratio, and fusing invariant features using a simple set of mathematical operations to write
according to the union and read by the intersection in the higher dimensional vector space. For example, (see paper for equation) where the query must be phrased in terms of the union of imprecise or partial set of 6w's denoted by the
union of lower case w's. The upper case W's are the archival storage of a primer tree. A simplified humanistic
representation may be called the 6W space (who, what, where, when, why, how), also referred to as the Newspaper
geometry. It seems like mapping the 6W to the 3W (World Wide Web) is becoming relatively easier. It may thus become
efficient and robust by rapidly digging for knowledge through the set operations of union, writing, and intersection,
reading, upon the design of 6 W query searching engine matched efficiently by the 6W vector index databases. In fact,
Newspaper 6D geometry may be reduced furthermore by PCA (Principal Component Analysis) eigenvector mathematics
and mapped into the 2D causality space comprised of the causes (What, How, Why) and the effects (Where, When and
Who). If this hypothesis of brain strategy were true, one must then develop a 6W query language to support a 6Wordered
set storage of linkage pointers in high D space. In other words, one can easily map the basic 1st Gen. Google
Web, 1-D statistical PageRanking databases, to a nested 6W tree where each branch of sub-6-W is stemming from the
prime 6 W tree, using a system of automated text mining assisted by syntactic semantics to discern the properties of the
6W for that query. Goehl et al. has demonstrated previously that such is doable, but one may need more tools to support
the knowledge extraction and automated feature reduction. In this paper, we have set out to demonstrate lossless down
sampling using the 2nd Gen wavelet transform, the so-called "1-D Cartesian lifting processing of Swelden" adopted by
JPEG 2000. "The loss of statistics, if any (including PageRanking and 1-D lifting), is the loss of geometry insights,"
such as 2-D vector time series, video, whose 1-D lifting Cartesian product will loss the diagonal changes insights.

Harold H. Szu

Papers

Thermodynamic free-energy minimization for unsupervised fusion of dual-color infrared breast images

Unified Lagrangian Neural Network method for subpixel classification in hyperspectral imagery

Method and apparatus for 3-D sub-voxel position imaging with synthetic aperture radar

Fluctuation‐dissipation theorems on the basis of hydrodynamic propagators

Digging for knowledge