The global energy transition towards a carbon neutral society requires a profound transformation of electricity generation and consumption, as well as of electric power systems. Hydrogen has an important potential to accelerate the process of scaling up clean and renewable energy, however its integration in power systems remains little studied. This paper reviews the current progress and outlook of hydrogen technologies and their application in power systems for hydrogen production, re-electrification and storage. The characteristics of electrolysers and fuel cells are demonstrated with experimental data and the deployments of hydrogen for energy storage, power-to-gas, co- and tri-generation and transportation are investigated using examples from worldwide projects. The current techno-economic status of these technologies and applications is presented, in which cost, efficiency and durability are identified as the main critical aspects. This is also confirmed by the results of a statistical analysis of the literature. Finally, conclusions show that continuous efforts on performance improvements, scale ramp-up, technical prospects and political support are required to enable a cost-competitive hydrogen economy.

Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges

The modern electric power systems are going through a revolutionary change because of increasing demand of electric power worldwide, developing political pressure and public awareness of reducing carbon emission, incorporating large scale renewable power penetration, and blending information and communication technologies with power system operation. These issues initiated in establishing microgrid concept which has gone through major development and changes in last decade, and recently got a boost in its growth after being blessed by smart grid technologies. The objective of this paper is to presents a detailed technical overview of microgrid and smart grid in light of present development and future trend. First, it discusses microgrid architecture and functions. Then, smart features are added to the microgrid to demonstrate the recent architecture of smart grid. Finally, existing technical challenges, communication features, policies and regulation, etc. are discussed from where the future smart grid architecture can be visualized.

Enhancing smart grid with microgrids: Challenges and opportunities

Robust optimization based optimal chiller loading under cooling demand uncertainty

Fuzzy-based heat and power hub models for cost-emission operation of an industrial consumer using compromise programming

Several catastrophic experiences of extreme weather events show that boosting the power grid resilience is becoming increasingly critical. This paper discusses a unified resilience evaluation and operational enhancement approach, which includes a procedure for assessing the impact of severe weather on power systems and a novel risk-based defensive islanding algorithm. This adaptive islanding algorithm aims to mitigate the cascading effects that may occur during weather emergencies. This goes beyond the infrastructure-based measures that are traditionally used as a defense to severe weather. The resilience assessment procedure relies on the concept of fragility curves, which express the weather-dependent failure probabilities of the components. A severity risk index is used to determine the application of defensive islanding, which considers the current network topology and the branches that are at higher risk of tripping due to the weather event. This preventive measure boosts the system resilience by splitting the network into stable and self-adequate islands in order to isolate the components with higher failure probability, whose tripping would trigger cascading events. The proposed approach is illustrated using a simplified version of the Great Britain transmission network, with focus on assessing and improving its resilience to severe windstorms.

Boosting the Power Grid Resilience to Extreme Weather Events Using Defensive Islanding

Off-grid solar powered charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles including fuel cell and hydrogen storage

The integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) in power systems poses many research challenges. Research shows that the RES output may exceed the consumed power during the day. Consequently, the direction of the power flow on distribution lines can be reversed during some periods. As the voltage regulator is normally designed for unidirectional power flow, this may cause voltage violations on the distribution feeder. Therefore, most utilities try to set a penetration level (PL) limit for safe operation. On the other hand, time varying and unbalanced loading are the main characteristics of distribution systems. Moreover installation of intermittent and nondispatchable photovoltaic (PV) devices increases the control problems of distribution system. This paper presents an impedance-based monitoring method for detection of distribution system current behavior. It will be shown that by utilizing this monitoring technique, not only the small variation of PV PL can be easily detected, but also some fast transients such as the effect of cloud movement on PV system can be monitored. This monitoring technique employs only local measurements of bus voltages and line current to measure the apparent impedance seen at the installation point. The practical application of measured impedance as a monitoring technique shows its effectiveness for distribution system monitoring in presence of various PV PL.

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A Monitoring Technique for Reversed Power Flow Detection With High PV Penetration Level

This paper provides a review on the strategies and methodologies developed in recent years for trajectory/path following, coordination and unified group behavior of a team of unmanned vehicles in terms of application and categorization. The unmanned vehicles being studied have a common mission to maintain group formation and reach their target destinations in either known or unknown environments. The ability for a group of vehicles to follow individual paths is the first critical step in achieving group coordination and originates from path following employing a single vehicle. Once this technique is refined then various algorithm constructs can be explored in order to create efficient and harmonious group coordination, which is based on their originality on whether they are employed in a centralized or decentralized system. In this paper, survey and analysis on the various multi-vehicle applications in formation operation and categorizations of existing works are provided based on over 140 published literatures since 1986. A few challenges and future works are also recognized.

A survey on multiple unmanned vehicles formation control and coordination: Normal and fault situations

Coordination of vehicle-to-home and renewable capacity resources for energy management in resilience and self-healing building

Electric vehicle charging station is connected to the distribution network and it is equipped with battery energy storage system, diesel generator, and solar panels. The three-level charging facility including fast, medium, and slow speed chargers is incorporated and optimally designed. The proposed model optimizes the rated power of charging facilities, power and capacity of battery energy storage system, hourly operation of diesel generator, and hourly operation of battery energy storage system. The capacity of charging station (i.e., number of parking slots) and level of network reinforcement are modeled and optimized. The uncertainties of the parameters are also involved. The results demonstrate that the proposed model successfully utilizes all available options to design electric vehicle charging station.

Hasan Mehrjerdi

Papers

Off-grid solar powered charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles including fuel cell and hydrogen storage

A Monitoring Technique for Reversed Power Flow Detection With High PV Penetration Level

A survey on multiple unmanned vehicles formation control and coordination: Normal and fault situations

Coordination of vehicle-to-home and renewable capacity resources for energy management in resilience and self-healing building

Electric vehicle charging station with multilevel charging infrastructure and hybrid solar-battery-diesel generation incorporating comfort of drivers