This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, i.e., ATP released from nerves as a transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre- and postjunctional membranes at neuroeffector junctions and synapses, as well as acting as a trophic factor during development and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the physiology and pathophysiology of ATP, but extracellular roles of its breakdown product, adenosine, are also considered because of their intimate interactions. The early history of the involvement of ATP in autonomic and skeletal neuromuscular transmission and in activities in the central nervous system and ganglia is reviewed. Brief background information is given about the identification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines and about ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown. Evidence that ATP is a cotransmitter in most, if not all, peripheral and central neurons is presented, as well as full accounts of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in autonomic and sensory ganglia and in the brain and spinal cord. There is coverage of neuron-glia interactions and of purinergic neuroeffector transmission to nonmuscular cells. To establish the primitive and widespread nature of purinergic neurotransmission, both the ontogeny and phylogeny of purinergic signaling are considered. Finally, the pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission in both peripheral and central nervous systems is reviewed, and speculations are made about future developments.

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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Purinergic Neurotransmission

This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.

Ionic liquids and catalysis: Recent progress from knowledge to applications

Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in ...

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine.

Dialkylbiaryl phosphines are a valuable class of ligand for Pd-catalyzed amination reactions and have been applied in a range of contexts. This perspective attempts to aid the reader in the selection of the best choice of reaction conditions and ligand of this class for the most commonly encountered and practically important substrate combinations.

Dialkylbiaryl phosphines in Pd-catalyzed amination: a user's guide

From 2000 to mid-2010: a fruitful decade for the synthesis of pyrazoles.

Synthesis of 3-methylisoxazole-5-carboxamides and 5-[(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)carbonyl]-3-methylisoxazoles

Polymorphs have been widely studied since different crystalline phases of the same compound may have distinct properties. Macromolecules are an area of major study with just a few polymorphs reported. This investigation presents the first case of polymorphism in a [2]rotaxane molecule. This rotaxane contains a succinamide station bearing nonsymmetric stoppers and a tetralactam macrocycle. A different polymorphic phase is achieved by varying the crystallization solvent. These polymorphs presented relevant differences at the molecular level and were classified as conformational polymorphs. At the supramolecular level, polymorph I is −21 kcal mol–1 more stable than polymorph II. Crystallization mechanisms to assess the stages of the crystallization process were proposed. Similar stabilization of the first nuclei formed was observed to be responsible for the possibility of both forms to coexist. The large differences observed between the polymorphs were not significantly reflected in the types and contributio...

Polymorphism in a Rotaxane Molecule: Intra- and Intermolecular Understanding

REACTIONS OF β-ALKOXYVINYL TRIFLUOROMETHYL KETONES. THE SYNTHESIS OF N-[1-ARYL-3-OXO-4,4,4-TRIFLUORO-1-BUTEN-1-YL]-o-PHENYLENEDIAMINES AND 4-ARYL-2-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-3H-1,5-BENZODIAZEPINES

The quest for concepts of isostructurality in organic crystals has been long and mostly based on geometric data, even with the development of modern software. This field of study is of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry and for the prediction of crystal structures. Despite this, there is still no methodology that provides broad quantitative and comparable similarity data between two complete crystalline structures. The present study demonstrated that the similarity between two crystalline structures could be estimated from the similarity between the two "supramolecular clusters". Quantitative indexes for similarity comparisons of crystal structures were shown using nine 5-aryl-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazoles as a model. This proposal includes the quantitative data of a geometric parameter (ID), a contact area parameter (IC), and an energetic parameter (IG). The proposed indexes exhibited good perspective regarding the similarity data and distinct regions of similarity. The range of similarity was set at IX ≥ 0.80, 0.80 > IX > 0.60, and IX ≤ 0.60 (X = D, C, or G). Indexes with a value near 1.0 indicate systems with isostructural, isocontact, and isoenergetic behavior. The results indicated that supramolecular structures with high similarity must have high values for all three indexes (ID, IC, and IG).

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.7b02057

Insights on the Similarity of Supramolecular Structures in Organic Crystals Using Quantitative Indexes.

Regiospecific Cyclization of β-Methoxyvinyl Trifluoromethyl Ketones with Aminoguanidine: A Convenient Method to Obtain Trifluoromethylated 2-[1H-Pyrazol-1-yl]pyrimidines

Helio G. Bonacorso

Papers

Synthesis of 3-methylisoxazole-5-carboxamides and 5-[(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)carbonyl]-3-methylisoxazoles

Polymorphism in a Rotaxane Molecule: Intra- and Intermolecular Understanding

REACTIONS OF β-ALKOXYVINYL TRIFLUOROMETHYL KETONES. THE SYNTHESIS OF N-[1-ARYL-3-OXO-4,4,4-TRIFLUORO-1-BUTEN-1-YL]-o-PHENYLENEDIAMINES AND 4-ARYL-2-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-3H-1,5-BENZODIAZEPINES

Insights on the Similarity of Supramolecular Structures in Organic Crystals Using Quantitative Indexes.

Regiospecific Cyclization of β-Methoxyvinyl Trifluoromethyl Ketones with Aminoguanidine: A Convenient Method to Obtain Trifluoromethylated 2-[1H-Pyrazol-1-yl]pyrimidines