This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, i.e., ATP released from nerves as a transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre- and postjunctional membranes at neuroeffector junctions and synapses, as well as acting as a trophic factor during development and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the physiology and pathophysiology of ATP, but extracellular roles of its breakdown product, adenosine, are also considered because of their intimate interactions. The early history of the involvement of ATP in autonomic and skeletal neuromuscular transmission and in activities in the central nervous system and ganglia is reviewed. Brief background information is given about the identification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines and about ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown. Evidence that ATP is a cotransmitter in most, if not all, peripheral and central neurons is presented, as well as full accounts of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in autonomic and sensory ganglia and in the brain and spinal cord. There is coverage of neuron-glia interactions and of purinergic neuroeffector transmission to nonmuscular cells. To establish the primitive and widespread nature of purinergic neurotransmission, both the ontogeny and phylogeny of purinergic signaling are considered. Finally, the pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission in both peripheral and central nervous systems is reviewed, and speculations are made about future developments.

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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Purinergic Neurotransmission

This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.

Ionic liquids and catalysis: Recent progress from knowledge to applications

Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in ...

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine.

Dialkylbiaryl phosphines are a valuable class of ligand for Pd-catalyzed amination reactions and have been applied in a range of contexts. This perspective attempts to aid the reader in the selection of the best choice of reaction conditions and ligand of this class for the most commonly encountered and practically important substrate combinations.

Dialkylbiaryl phosphines in Pd-catalyzed amination: a user's guide

From 2000 to mid-2010: a fruitful decade for the synthesis of pyrazoles.

New Pyrazolyl-Nicotinic Acids, Methyl Esters, and 1,3,4-Oxadiazolyl-pyrazolyl-pyridine Tricyclic Scaffold Derivatives from 6-Hydrazinylnicotinic Acid Hydrazide Hydrate

Indium(III) Bromide Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Trichloromethylate Tetrahydropyrimidinones.

Haloacetylated Enol Ethers. Part 14. Reaction of β‐Alkoxyvinyl Trifluoromethyl Ketones with N‐Methylhydroxylamine.

The regiospecific synthesis of a novel series of 4-trifluoro[chloro]-2-(5-hydroxy-5-trifluoro[chloro]methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-l-y1]-pyrimidines from the reactions of 4-alkoxy-1,1,1 -trifluoro[chloro]-alk-3-en-2-ones with 6-trifluoro(chloro]methyl-2-hydrazine pyrimidines is presented

Regiospecific Cyclization of 4‐Alkoxyvinyl Trifluoro[chloro]methyl Ketones with 6‐Trifluoro[chloro]methyl‐2‐hydrazine Pyrimidines. A Convenient Method to Obtain Trifluoro[chloro]methylated 2‐(5‐Hydroxy‐5‐trifluoro [chloro]methyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐l‐yl)pyrimidines.

A new, efficient and easy route for the preparation of a series of 2-alkyl(aryl) substituted 4-oxo-4H-pyrido-[1,2-a]pyrimidines, where alkyl = CH3; aryl = C6H5, 4-FC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-CH3C6H4, 4-OCH3C6H4, 4-NO2C6H4 in 45–80 % yield from the reaction of β-alkoxyvinyl trichloromethyl ketones with 2-aminopyridine under mild conditions, is then reported.

Helio G. Bonacorso

Papers

New Pyrazolyl-Nicotinic Acids, Methyl Esters, and 1,3,4-Oxadiazolyl-pyrazolyl-pyridine Tricyclic Scaffold Derivatives from 6-Hydrazinylnicotinic Acid Hydrazide Hydrate

Indium(III) Bromide Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Trichloromethylate Tetrahydropyrimidinones.

Haloacetylated Enol Ethers. Part 14. Reaction of β‐Alkoxyvinyl Trifluoromethyl Ketones with N‐Methylhydroxylamine.

Regiospecific Cyclization of 4‐Alkoxyvinyl Trifluoro[chloro]methyl Ketones with 6‐Trifluoro[chloro]methyl‐2‐hydrazine Pyrimidines. A Convenient Method to Obtain Trifluoro[chloro]methylated 2‐(5‐Hydroxy‐5‐trifluoro [chloro]methyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐l‐yl)pyrimidines.

New Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of 2-Alkyl(aryl) Substituted 4H-Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones.