We investigate conditions sufficient for identification of average treatment effects using instrumental variables. First we show that the existence of valid instruments is not sufficient to identify any meaningful average treatment effect. We then establish that the combination of an instrument and a condition on the relation between the instrument and the participation status is sufficient for identification of a local average treatment effect for those who can be induced to change their participation status by changing the value of the instrument. Finally we derive the probability limit of the standard IV estimator under these conditions. It is seen to be a weighted average of local average treatment effects.

Evolution and Rationality Some Recent Game-Theoretic Results. Identification and Estimation of Local Average Treatment Effects

Informal care may substitute for formal long-term care that is often publicly funded or subsidized The costs of informal caregiving are borne by the caregiver and may consist of worse health outcomes and, if the caregiver has not retired, worse labor market outcomes We estimate the impact of providing informal care to one's partner on the caregiver's health using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe We use statistical matching to deal with selection bias and endogeneity We find that in the short run caregiving has a substantial effect on the health of caregivers and, for female caregivers, on their health care use These effects should be taken into account when comparing the costs and benefits of formal and informal care provision The health effects may, however, be short-lived, as we do not find any evidence that they persist after 4 or 7 years

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Will you still need me, will you still feed me when I'm 64? The health impact of caregiving to one's spouse

Can being innovative help firms to shield themselves from the disruptive effects of a recession? Using data for Spanish manufacturing firms, this paper finds that innovative firms suffered considerably less compared to noninnovative firms during the Great Recession. The operating mechanism for the resilience of innovative firms to market disruption during a recession is product differentiation, and not reduction in marginal cost of production and prices with process innovation. The data does not support alternative explanations such as better access to capital, or difference in labour moving costs for innovative firms. The results provide evidence for the role of innovation in making firms dynamically capable and resilient to large negative shocks.

R&D and firm resilience during bad times

Passive backward acquisitions and downstream collusion

textInformal care may substitute for formal long-term care that is often publicly funded or subsidized. The costs of informal caregiving are borne by the caregiver and may consist of worse health outcomes and, if the caregiver has not retired, worse labor market outcomes. We estimate the impact of providing informal care to one's partner on the caregiver's health using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We exploit the panel structure of the data and use statistical matching to deal with selection bias and endogeneity. We find that in the short run caregiving has a substantial negative effect on the health of caregivers. These negative effects should be taken into account when comparing the costs and benefits of formal and informal care provision. These negative effects are potentially short-lived, however: we do not find any evidence that the health effects persist after 4 or 7 years.

Will You Still Need Me, Will You Still Feed Me When I'm 64? : The Health Impact of Caregiving

In dieser Studie identifizieren wir langfristige monetare Hochschulbildungsrenditen von Frauen Dabei nutzen wir den Bildungsausbau in Westdeutschland zwischen 1960 und 1990 als ein naturliches Experiment, um generelle Unterschiede zwischen Hochschulabsolventen und Absolventen aller anderen Bildungsabschlusse herauszurechnen Daruber hinaus erlaubt uns dieser Ausbau die Schatzung von marginalen Bildungsrenditen, wodurch wir mehr uber das zugrundeliegende Selektionsverhalten von weiblichen Hochschulabsolventen lernen konnen (zB ob diejenigen Frauen, die am meisten von einer universitaren Ausbildung profitieren sich auch am ehesten fur diese entscheiden) Wir finden jedoch zunachst, dass Frauen mit einem Hochschulabschluss zu 17 Prozentpunkten haufiger in einem Beschaftigungsverhaltnis sind als Frauen mit einem anderen Ausbildungsabschluss Diese universitatsgetriebene Arbeitsmarktselektion erschwert die Schatzung der Loheffekte Um dennoch kausale Bildungsrenditen abschatzen zu konnen schlagen wir einen einfachen, aber im Instrumentalvariablen-Kontext neuartigen Teil-Identifikationsansatz (partial identification approach) vor Unter Berucksichtigung der universitatsgetriebenen Arbeitsmarktselektion finden wir, dass die universitaren Lohnrenditen von Frauen (durchschnittlich uber alle weiblichen Hochschulabsolventen) zwischen 6 und 12 Prozent pro Jahr liegen

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/219327/1/1701015919.pdf

Marginal college wage premiums under selection into employment

This paper estimates the effect of informal care provision on female caregiverâs health. We use data from the German Socio-economic Panel and assess effects up to seven years after care provision. A simulation-based sensitivity analysis scrutinizes the sensitivity of the results with respect to potential deviations from the conditional independence assumption in the regression adjusted matching approach. The results suggest that there is a considerable short-term effect of informal care provision on mental health which fades out over time. Five years after care provision there are no significant effects left. Both short- and medium-term effects on physical health are much smaller and insignificant throughout.

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Short- and medium-term effects of informal care provision on health

Mit Hilfe des Sozio-okonomischen Panels sowie regionalen Unterschieden in der Mindestschulzeit und dem Angebot an Schulen untersuchen wir den kausalen Einfluss von Bildung auf Einkommen und kognitive Fahigkeiten. Drei unterschiedliche Instrumente erlauben dabei die Schatzung nicht nur eines lokalen Treatment-Effekts (local average treatment effect), sondern auch die Betrachtung heterogener Effekte fur unterschiedliche Gruppen von Schulern. Unsere Ergebnisse stimmen mit denen vorheriger Studien uberein, die keinen Effekt einer Mindestschulzeitanderung auf Lohne feststellen. Wir finden zudem keinen kausalen Einfluss von Bildung in spateren Schuljahren auf kognitive Fahigkeiten. Damit liefern wir empirische Evidenz fur eine haufig vorgebrachte Hypothese, weshalb man in Deutschland keinen Effekt von Schulbildung auf Lohne findet: die Befunde legen nahe, dass grundlegende (arbeitsmarktrelevante) Fahigkeiten in Deutschland womoglich vor, jedenfalls aber nicht nach der achten Klasse erlernt werden.

/pdf/analyzing-zero-returns-to-education-in-germany-heterogeneous-57b3ia8tbs.pdf

Analyzing zero returns to education in Germany: Heterogeneous effects and skill formation

This paper estimates the effect of informal care provision on female caregiver's health. We use data from the German Socio-economic Panel and assess eff ects up to seven years after care provision. A simulation-based sensitivity analysis scrutinizes the sensitivity of the results with respect to potential deviations from the conditional independence assumption in the regression adjusted matching approach. The results suggest that there is a considerable short-term effect of informal care provision on mental health which fades out over time. Five years after care provision there are no signifi cant effects left. Both short- and medium-term effects on physical health are much smaller and insignificant throughout.

Short- and Medium-term Effects of Informal Care Provision on Health

We analyze the effect of education on wages using German Socio-Economic Panel data and regional variation in mandatory years of schooling and the supply of schools. This allows us to estimate more than one local average treatment effect and heterogeneous effects for different groups of compliers. Our results are in line with previous studies that do not find an effect of compulsory schooling on wages in Germany. We go beyond these studies and test a potential reason for it, namely that basic skills are learned earlier in Germany and additional years of schooling are not effective anymore. This is done by also estimating the effect of education on cognitive skills. The results suggest that education after the eighth year does not seem to have a causal effect on cognitive skills in Germany. This is consistent with the explanation for zero effects of schooling on earnings.

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Hendrik Schmitz

Papers

Marginal college wage premiums under selection into employment

Short- and medium-term effects of informal care provision on health

Analyzing zero returns to education in Germany: Heterogeneous effects and skill formation

Short- and Medium-term Effects of Informal Care Provision on Health

Analyzing Zero Returns to Education in Germany: Heterogeneous Effects and Skill Formation