Antimalarials from nature

This review discusses the medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), its wide variety of phytochemicals and their pharmacological properties. The active phytochemicals, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, lignans, polyphenols, tannins, coumarins and saponins, have been identified from various parts of P. niruri. Extracts of this herb have been proven to have therapeutic effects in many clinical studies. Some of the most intriguing therapeutic properties include anti-hepatotoxic, anti-lithic, anti-hypertensive, anti-HIV and anti-hepatitis B. Therefore, studies relating to chemical characteristics and structural properties of the bioactive phytochemicals found in P. niruri are very useful for further research on this plant as many of the phytochemicals have shown preclinical therapeutic efficacies for a wide range of human diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B.

Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review

Canine babesiosis is a clinically significant emerging vector-borne disease caused by protozoan haemoparasites. This review article considers recent literature pertaining to the taxonomic classification of Babesia and Theileria species affecting dogs and the geographical distribution of these parasites. The diagnosis of canine babesiosis by traditional, molecular and serological methods is reviewed, together with recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of piroplasmosis, and of the treatment and prevention of this disease.

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Canine babesiosis: from molecular taxonomy to control

Jamu: Indonesian traditional herbal medicine towards rational phytopharmacological use

OBJECTIVES: This review covers the compounds with antiplasmodial activity isolated from plants published from 2005 to the end of 2008, organized according to their phytochemical classes. Details are given for substances with IC50 values </= 11 mum. KEY FINDINGS: Malaria is a major parasitic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for more than 1 million deaths each year in Africa. The rapid spread of resistance encourages the search for new active compounds. Nature and particularly plants used in traditional medicine are a potential source of new antimalarial drugs as they contain molecules with a great variety of structures and pharmacological activities. SUMMARY: A large number of antimalarial compounds with a wide variety of structures have been isolated from plants and can play a role in the development of new antimalarial drugs. Ethnopharmacological approaches appear to be a promising way to find plant metabolites that could be used as templates for designing new derivatives with improved properties.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1211/jpp.61.11.0001

Antimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in traditional medicine.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of boiled aqueous extracts from the whole plant of Phyllanthus niruri led to the isolation of 1-O-galloyl-6-O-luteoyl-alpha-d-glucose (1), with IC(50) values of 4.7 microg/mL against Babesia gibsoni and 1.4 microg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The known compounds beta-glucogallin (2), quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(2-->1)-O-beta-d-xylopyranoside (3), beta-sitosterol, and gallic acid were also isolated. Structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their chemical and spectroscopic data.

Anti-babesial and anti-plasmodial compounds from Phyllanthus niruri.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an agent for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of a plant, and to provide a method for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of the plant with the agent for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation. SOLUTION: This agent for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of the plant contains theobroxide or its analogue. The agent for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation is applied under conditions for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of the plant to inhibit the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of the plant. Since the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of a long day plant such as Spinacia oleracea L. are performed under a long day condition, the agent for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of the plant is applied under the long day condition. The agent for inhibiting the flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of the plant can be applied to the plant in an application form such as a foliar application form. COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Agent for inhibiting flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of plant

It is intended to provide an agent for inhibiting the induction of flower stalk development and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation in a plant; and a method of inhibiting the induction of flower stalk development and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation in a plant by using this agent for inhibiting the induction of flower stalk development and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation. Theobroxide or its analog is used as an agent for inhibiting the induction of flower stalk development and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation in a plant. This agent for inhibiting the induction of flower stalk development and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation is applied under conditions allowing the induction of flower stalk development and/or flower bud differentiation in a plant to thereby inhibit the induction of flower stalk development and/or flower bud differentiation in the plant. In the case of a long-day plant such as spinach, the induction of flower stalk development and/or flower bud differentiation arise under long-day conditions. Therefore, the agent is applied under the long-day conditions. The above-described agent for inhibiting the induction of flower stalk development and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation can be applied to a plant by an application method of, for example, foliage spraying.

Agent for controlling flower stalk development induction and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation in plant

The present invention provides an agent for inhibiting bolting induction and/or floral-bud differentiation in plants and the method for inhibiting the bolting induction and/or floral differentiation of plants using the above-mentioned agent for inhibiting bolting induction and/or floral-bud differentiation in plants. Theobroxide or its analog is used as the agent for inhibiting bolting induction and/or floral-bud differentiation in plants. The agent for inhibiting bolting induction and/or floral-bud differentiation in plants is applied under a plant's bolting induction and/or floral differentiation condition, and controls the bolting induction and/or floral differentiation of the plant. In the case of long-day plants, such as spinach, wherein their bolting induction and floral differentiation occur under a long-day condition, spraying on plants is done under the corresponding long-day condition. The agent for inhibiting bolting induction and/or floral-bud differentiation in plants can be applied to plants by an application method such as foliar spray.

Agent for Inhibiting Bolting Induction and/or Floral-Bud Differentiation in Plants

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an agent for the prevention and/or treatment of babesiosis with high anti-babesia activity as a chemotherapeutic agent having low side action and provide a new compound effective for the agent SOLUTION: The anti-babesia agent contains a compound expressed by general formula (1) (R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, chlorine, a hydroxy group or a methoxy group provided that R 2 is a hydroxy group when R 1 is chlorine) as an effective component The invention further provides a new benzoxazolinone derivative COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Hideyuki Matsuura

Papers

Anti-babesial and anti-plasmodial compounds from Phyllanthus niruri.

Agent for inhibiting flower stalk formation and/or flower bud differentiation of plant

Agent for controlling flower stalk development induction and/or inhibiting flower bud differentiation in plant

Agent for Inhibiting Bolting Induction and/or Floral-Bud Differentiation in Plants

Anti-babesia agent and new benzoxazolinone derivative