Antimalarials from nature

This review discusses the medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), its wide variety of phytochemicals and their pharmacological properties. The active phytochemicals, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, lignans, polyphenols, tannins, coumarins and saponins, have been identified from various parts of P. niruri. Extracts of this herb have been proven to have therapeutic effects in many clinical studies. Some of the most intriguing therapeutic properties include anti-hepatotoxic, anti-lithic, anti-hypertensive, anti-HIV and anti-hepatitis B. Therefore, studies relating to chemical characteristics and structural properties of the bioactive phytochemicals found in P. niruri are very useful for further research on this plant as many of the phytochemicals have shown preclinical therapeutic efficacies for a wide range of human diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B.

Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review

Canine babesiosis is a clinically significant emerging vector-borne disease caused by protozoan haemoparasites. This review article considers recent literature pertaining to the taxonomic classification of Babesia and Theileria species affecting dogs and the geographical distribution of these parasites. The diagnosis of canine babesiosis by traditional, molecular and serological methods is reviewed, together with recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of piroplasmosis, and of the treatment and prevention of this disease.

/pdf/canine-babesiosis-from-molecular-taxonomy-to-control-1qb6ik1i3g.pdf

Canine babesiosis: from molecular taxonomy to control

Jamu: Indonesian traditional herbal medicine towards rational phytopharmacological use

OBJECTIVES: This review covers the compounds with antiplasmodial activity isolated from plants published from 2005 to the end of 2008, organized according to their phytochemical classes. Details are given for substances with IC50 values </= 11 mum. KEY FINDINGS: Malaria is a major parasitic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for more than 1 million deaths each year in Africa. The rapid spread of resistance encourages the search for new active compounds. Nature and particularly plants used in traditional medicine are a potential source of new antimalarial drugs as they contain molecules with a great variety of structures and pharmacological activities. SUMMARY: A large number of antimalarial compounds with a wide variety of structures have been isolated from plants and can play a role in the development of new antimalarial drugs. Ethnopharmacological approaches appear to be a promising way to find plant metabolites that could be used as templates for designing new derivatives with improved properties.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1211/jpp.61.11.0001

Antimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in traditional medicine.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of boiled aqueous extracts from the whole plant of Phyllanthus niruri led to the isolation of 1-O-galloyl-6-O-luteoyl-alpha-d-glucose (1), with IC(50) values of 4.7 microg/mL against Babesia gibsoni and 1.4 microg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The known compounds beta-glucogallin (2), quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(2-->1)-O-beta-d-xylopyranoside (3), beta-sitosterol, and gallic acid were also isolated. Structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their chemical and spectroscopic data.

Anti-babesial and anti-plasmodial compounds from Phyllanthus niruri.

Beras siger dibuat dari tepung ubi kayu yang mempunyai kandungan amilosa tinggi. Dalam proses pembuatannya, amilosa mengalami gelatinasi karena pemanasan menjadi lengket dan tidak bisa dicetak menjadi butiran beras. Oleh karena itu, KWT Sapporo Dusun Wonokriyo Kecamatan Gading Rejo-Pringsewu akan membuat beras siger dari klon ubi kayu waxy yang tidak mengandung amilosa menggunakan mesin beras siger screw 20 cm. Penggunaan screw pendek akan mengurangi efek panas akibat gesekan adonan pada screw sehingga tidak terjadi gelatinasi yang menimbulkan lengket. Penambahan air 30% yang mengandung emulsifier untuk melapisi granula tepung ubi kayu sehingga tidak terjadi proses gelatinasi yang menimbulkan lengket. Penggunaan mesin dengan screw pendek dan teknologi pelapisan granula pati menyebabkan ubi kayu mudah dicetak menjadi butiran beras siger dengan cepat. Beras siger mempunyai karakteristik seperti beras padi dan dapat dimasak menggunakan rice cooker atau dikukus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah scale up dan kajian teknoekonomi produksi beras siger dari klon ubi kayu waxy kapasitas 100 kg per jam. Pembuatan beras siger dilakukan dengan cara mencampurkan tepung ubi kayu waxy dan 30% air yang mengandung minyak sawit, gliserol mono stearat, garam, dan vitamin C. Bahan dicampur hingga merata dengan mixer lalu dikukus hingga matang. Setelah dingin, bahan dimasukkan ke dalam mesin beras siger kapasitas 100 kg/jam yang terdiri dari komponen motor penggerak (220V/50 Hz, 2 HP), gear box, srew, lubang dyes berbentuk oval (6 x 2 mm), pisau pemotong, dan motor penggerak pisau untuk dicetak menjadi butiran beras siger berwarna putih, tekstur nasi pulen, aroma netral, disukai panelis, mengandung kadar air (10,80%), abu (0,23%), lemak (0,88%), protein (1,22%), serat (1,18%), dan karbohidrat (85,69%). Dari indikator finansial usaha beras siger ini layak dilakukan dengan nilai hasil perhitungan NPV (Net Present Value) (Rp. 1.383.392.432), IRR (Internal Rate of Return) (124,73%), PI (Profitability Index ) atau b/c rasio (4,87), dan PBP (Payback Periode) (1,78 tahun). Terlihat bahwa dengan umur proyek selama 5 tahun menunjukkan rata-rata EAT sebesar Rp. 543.787.500, rata-rata invesment Rp. 357.000.000, rata-rata invesment penilaian 152,32%, dan rata-rata invesment yang disyaratkan 31,00%. 
 
Kata kunci: beras siger, Manihot esculenta, scale up, ubikayu, waxy

Sertifikat Pemakalah Semnas Tektan Polinela 2019 dengan judul makalah "SCALE UP PRODUKSI BERAS SIGER DARI KLON UBI KAYU WAXY KAPASITAS 100 KG PER JAM"

The Indonesian traditional herbal medicine has been practiced for many centuries in Indonesia to treat malaria diseases. Although modern medicine is becoming increasingly important, herbal medicine is still very popular. In order to select raw material for preparation of safety herbal medicines, forty five medicinal plants have been tested for acute toxicity in mouse at a dose 715 mg/kg body weight. The extracts of Asclepias curassavica leave, Alstonia scholaris leave, Decospermum fruticosum leave, Elaocarpus petiolatus bark, Elaocarpus parvifolius bark, Eurycoma longifolia root, Garcinia rigida bark, Nephelium lappaceum bark, Pentaspodan motleyi leave, Picrasma javanica leave, Phyllanthus niruri whole, Quassia indica leave, Syzygium pycnanthum bark, Tetrasera scandens leave, Cratoxylum glaucum bark, Sandoricum emarginatum bark, Mallotus paniculatus leave, Microcos ovatolanceolata bark, Poikilospermum suaveolens leave, Fibraurea chloroleuea leave, Tetrasera scandens root, and Timonius billitonensis bark showed toxicity with mortality level of 20-100%. The remaining 32 plant extracts were not toxic at dose tested. The toxic plant species should be considered in the preparation of herbal medicines. Of the safety extracts were tested for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in vivo at a dose 715 mg/kg body weight. Extract of Carica papaya leave was most active than other plant extracts with parasitemia 1.13%, while control showed 17.21%. More research is needed to scientifically prove efficacy and to identity antimalarial constituents in the plant extracts. Key words: Indonesian medicinal plant, jamu, toxicity, antimalarial activity, Plasmodium berghei.

/pdf/potency-of-the-indonesian-medicinal-plants-as-antimalarial-2m904vv22d.pdf

Potency of the indonesian medicinal plants as antimalarial drugs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the defects, moisture content, flavor, and overall acceptance of Robusta coffee from 20 coffee producers in Tanggamus Regency. Taste testing involved some expert panelists. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that as much as 70% of coffee quality was following SNI 01-2907-2008. The defect value of coffee was at the quality level of 5 until the inferior original quality (“kopi asalan”). The main percentages of the defects were broken seeds, brown beans, black seeds and then followed by hollow seeds. The water content of the coffee was varied between 5.07-7.27.  The taste of coffee was dominated by green/grassy, the average taste was slightly bitter, the colors ranged from brown, black and cinnamon-like color, while, the overall acceptance was somewhat like. This results indicated that standard operating procedure is required to be implemented by coffee producers (IKM) in Tanggamus Regency to improve the quality of the coffee.

/pdf/evaluasi-nilai-cacat-dan-cita-rasa-kopi-robusta-coffea-3s98cu9q0z.pdf

EVALUASI NILAI CACAT DAN CITA RASA KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora L.) YANG DIPRODUKSI IKM KOPI DI KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS [Evaluation of Defect Value and Flavour of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.) Produced by Small and Medium Industry Sector of Coffee in Tanggamus District]

Cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta) are green vegetables that can be used as a source of iron for blood hemoglobin. However, the processing of cassava leaves is still limited. Therefore, product diversification needs to be done. This study aimed to obtain a combination of cassava leaves and seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) against the best sensory and chemical properties of nori. This study used a non-factorial Complete Group Randomized Design (RAKL) with four replications. The study was conducted with six levels of treatment, namely a combination of cassava leaves and seaweed consisting of 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20. Data were analyzed further by the LSD (Smallest Significant Difference) test at the level of 5%. The results showed that the combination of cassava leaves and seaweed affected the organoleptic properties of the texture, color, aroma, and elasticity of the nori produced. The combination of cassava and seaweed leaves (40:60) produced the best nori with a texture score of 3.91 (compact), color 2.26 (green), aroma 3.64 (no flavor of cassava leaves), elasticity 3.86 (elastic) , water content 13.94%, ash 13.26%, protein 10.30%, fat 1.05%, crude fiber 20.43%, carbohydrate 41.03%, Fe 160.04 ppm, and HCN 0.01 mg / g. Keywords: cassava leaves, Eucheuma cottonii, Manihot esculenta, nori, seaweed

subeki subeki

Papers

Anti-babesial and anti-plasmodial compounds from Phyllanthus niruri.

Sertifikat Pemakalah Semnas Tektan Polinela 2019 dengan judul makalah "SCALE UP PRODUKSI BERAS SIGER DARI KLON UBI KAYU WAXY KAPASITAS 100 KG PER JAM"

Potency of the indonesian medicinal plants as antimalarial drugs

EVALUASI NILAI CACAT DAN CITA RASA KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora L.) YANG DIPRODUKSI IKM KOPI DI KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS [Evaluation of Defect Value and Flavour of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.) Produced by Small and Medium Industry Sector of Coffee in Tanggamus District]

Kajian Formulasi Daun Singkong (Manihot esculenta) dan Rumput Laut (Eucheuma cottonii) Terhadap Sifat Sensor dan Kimia Nori