The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains.

The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains

The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.

/pdf/nitric-oxide-and-peroxynitrite-in-health-and-disease-3uuuqgfdcz.pdf

Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease

▪ Abstract At the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems lies the high-output isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2 or iNOS). This remarkable molecular machine requires at least 17 binding reactions to assemble a functional dimer. Sustained catalysis results from the ability of NOS2 to attach calmodulin without dependence on elevated Ca2+. Expression of NOS2 in macrophages is controlled by cytokines and microbial products, primarily by transcriptional induction. NOS2 has been documented in macrophages from human, horse, cow, goat, sheep, rat, mouse, and chicken. Human NOS2 is most readily observed in monocytes or macrophages from patients with infectious or inflammatory diseases. Sustained production of NO endows macrophages with cytostatic or cytotoxic activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and tumor cells. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic actions of NO are enhanced by other macrophage products such as acid, glutathione, cysteine, hydrogen peroxide, or superoxid...

Nitric oxide and macrophage function

http://theory.bio.uu.nl/immbio/Marks91.pdf

By-passing immunization: Human antibodies from V-gene libraries displayed on phage

Methods in virology. Vol. I.

Propagation of yellow fever virus in tissue cultures containing sulfonamides

Methods of enhancing an antigen-induced immune response through use of a ribonucleocapsid complex are provided. Composition containing a ribonucleocapsid complex and an antigen which are capable of enhancing the immune response to the antigen are also provided.

Viral ribonucleocapsid as an immunological enhancer

A note on local treatment of mice infected intraplantarily with rabies virus.

The process of treating a disease of the central nervous system with an agent from one or more of the following three classes of agents: (1) nitric oxide scavengers, (2) peroxynitrite scavengers, and (3) agents that either interfere with the synthesis of iNOS in the cell or the enzymatic activity of iNOS in the cell.

Hilary Koprowski

Papers

Methods in virology. Vol. I.

Propagation of yellow fever virus in tissue cultures containing sulfonamides

Viral ribonucleocapsid as an immunological enhancer

A note on local treatment of mice infected intraplantarily with rabies virus.

Treatment of central nervous system diseases with nitric oxide or peroxynitrite scavengers