抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phag...

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The NOX Family of ROS-Generating NADPH Oxidases: Physiology and Pathophysiology

Flavonoids are nearly ubiquitous in plants and are recognized as the pigments responsible for the colors of leaves, especially in autumn. They are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea, and red wine. They are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions. This basic structure is shared by tocopherols (vitamin E). Flavonoids can be subdivided according to the presence of an oxy group at position 4, a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3, or a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C (middle) ring. These characteristics appear to also be required for best activity, especially antioxidant and antiproliferative, in the systems studied. The particular hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavonoles increases their activities, especially in inhibition of mast cell secretion. Certain plants and spices containing flavonoids have been used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. In spite of the voluminous literature available, however, Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional. Suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.

The Effects of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells:Implications for Inflammation, Heart Disease, and Cancer

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

The antioxidative activity of a total of 92 phenolic extracts from edible and nonedible plant materials (berries, fruits, vegetables, herbs, cereals, tree materials, plant sprouts, and seeds) was examined by autoxidation of methyl linoleate. The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Among edible plant materials, remarkable high antioxidant activity and high total phenolic content (GAE > 20 mg/g) were found in berries, especially aronia and crowberry. Apple extracts (two varieties) showed also strong antioxidant activity even though the total phenolic contents were low (GAE < 12.1 mg/g). Among nonedible plant materials, high activities were found in tree materials, especially in willow bark, spruce needles, pine bark and cork, and birch phloem, and in some medicinal plants including heather, bog-rosemary, willow herb, and meadowsweet. In addition, potato peel and beetroot peel extracts showed strong antioxidant effects. To utilize these significant sources of natural antioxidants, further characterization of the phenolic composition is needed.

Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds

Alkaloid Drugs.- Drugs Containing Anthracene Derivatives.- Bitter Drugs.- Cardiac Glycoside Drugs.- Coumarin Drugs.- Drugs Containing Essential Oils (Aetherolea), Balsams and Oleo-Gum-Resins.- Flavonoid Drugs Including Ginkgo Biloba and Echinaceae Species.- Drugs Containing Arbutin, Salicin and Salicoyl Derivatives.- Drugs Containing Cannabinoids and Kavapyrones.- Drugs Containing Lignans.- Drugs Containing 1,4-Naphthoquinones Droserae herba, Dionaeae herba.- Drugs Containing Pigments.- Drugs with Pungent-Tasting Principles.- Saponin Drugs.- Drugs Containing Sweet-Tasting Terpene Glycosides.- Drugs Containing Triterpenes.- Drugs Containing Valepotriates (Valerianae radix).- Screening of Unknown Commercial Drugs.- Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis of Herbal Drug Mixtures.

Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas

Plant drug analysis

http://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/jnr/article/download/232/232

Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals.

A.S. Bingel and N.R. Farnsworth, Higher Plants as Potential Sources of Galactagogues. H.D. Reuter and A. Sendl, Allium sativum and Allium ursinum: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Medicinal Applications. W. Breuand W. Dorsch, Allium cepa L. (Onion): Chemistry, Analysis and Pharmacology. R.J. Marles and N.R. Farnsworth, Plants as Sources of Antidiabetic Agents. E. Pisha and J.M. Pezzuto, Fruits and Vegetables Containing Compounds that DemonstratePharmacological Activity in Humans. L.A. Shamon and J.M. Pezzuto, Plant Antimutagens: A Review and Strategy for the Identification of Therapeutically Useful Agents. M.E. Wall and M.C. Wani, Taxol: Discovery to Clinic. References. Subject Index.

Hildebert Wagner

Papers

Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas

Plant drug analysis

Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals.

Economic and Medicinal Plant Research

Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals.