Showing papers by "Himanshu Kumar published in 2016"
TL;DR: The relationship between host immune genes and their roles in pathogenesis of HPAIV infection in chickens and the expression levels of most of these genes was not induced in the lungs of LPAI H9N2 virus infected chickens were indicated.
Abstract: The molecular pathogenesis of avian influenza infection varies greatly with individual bird species and virus strain. The molecular pathogenesis of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) or the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection in avian species remains poorly understood. Thus, global immune response of chickens infected with HPAI H5N1 (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011) and LPAI H9N2 (A/duck/India/249800/2010) viruses was studied using microarray to identify crucial host genetic components responsive to these infection. HPAI H5N1 virus induced excessive expression of type I IFNs (IFNA and IFNG), cytokines (IL1B, IL18, IL22, IL13, and IL12B), chemokines (CCL4, CCL19, CCL10, and CX3CL1) and IFN stimulated genes (OASL, MX1, RSAD2, IFITM5, IFIT5, GBP 1, and EIF2AK) in lung tissues. This dysregulation of host innate immune genes may be the critical determinant of the severity and the outcome of the influenza infection in chickens. In contrast, the expression levels of most of these genes was not induced in the lungs of LPAI H9N2 virus infected chickens. This study indicated the relationship between host immune genes and their roles in pathogenesis of HPAIV infection in chickens.
66 citations
TL;DR: This study deep sequenced the viral nucleic acid extracted from cloacal swabs collected from the flock of 23 ducks which shared the water bodies with wild migratory birds and increased the understanding of the viral diversity and expands the knowledge about the spectrum of viruses harboured in the enteric tract of ducks.
Abstract: Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) an economically important waterfowl for meat, eggs and feathers; is also a natural reservoir for influenza A viruses. The emergence of novel viruses is attributed to the status of co-existence of multiple types and subtypes of viruses in the reservoir hosts. For effective prediction of future viral epidemic or pandemic an in-depth understanding of the virome status in the key reservoir species is highly essential. To obtain an unbiased measure of viral diversity in the enteric tract of ducks by viral metagenomic approach, we deep sequenced the viral nucleic acid extracted from cloacal swabs collected from the flock of 23 ducks which shared the water bodies with wild migratory birds. In total 7,455,180 reads with average length of 146 bases were generated of which 7,354,300 reads were de novo assembled into 24,945 contigs with an average length of 220 bases and the remaining 100,880 reads were singletons. The duck virome were identified by sequence similarity comparisons of contigs and singletons (BLASTx E score, <10−3) against viral reference database. Numerous duck virome sequences were homologous to the animal virus of the Papillomaviridae family; and phages of the Caudovirales, Inoviridae, Tectiviridae, Microviridae families and unclassified phages. Further, several duck virome sequences had homologous with the insect viruses of the Poxviridae, Alphatetraviridae, Baculoviridae, Densovirinae, Iflaviridae and Dicistroviridae families; and plant viruses of the Secoviridae, Virgaviridae, Tombusviridae and Partitiviridae families, which reflects the diet and habitation of ducks. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity and expands the knowledge about the spectrum of viruses harboured in the enteric tract of ducks.
30 citations
24 citations
TL;DR: Evaluation of in vitro anti-tumor activities on human triple negative breast cancer cells MDAMB-231 cell lines reveal that the macrocycles, 1a, 1f, 1g, 1i and 1k are promising anti-Tumor compounds as evidenced from inhibition of cell migration and proliferation, upregulation of anti- tumor genes p53, MDA7 and TRAIL.
Abstract: A series of new 16-membered small macrocyclic compounds, (2Z,11Z)-3,11-di(aryl/naphthyl)-1,13-dioxa-5,9-dithia-2,12-diazacyclohexadeca-2,11-dienes (1a–k) were designed and developed by a simple and practical synthetic route from readily available substrates using simple organic transformations. Evaluation of in vitro anti-tumor activities on human triple negative breast cancer cells MDAMB-231 cell lines reveal that the macrocycles, 1a, 1f, 1g, 1i and 1k are promising anti-tumor compounds as evidenced from inhibition of cell migration and proliferation, upregulation of anti-tumor genes p53, MDA7 and TRAIL. The anti-proliferative effect of macrocycles is specific to cancer cells but no cytotoxic effect on normal breast epithelial cells has been observed (MCF10A). The developed synthetic route is free from metals, protecting groups and air-free techniques. The structure of macrocycle (1e) is confirmed by single crystal XRD studies.
1 citations
TL;DR: The quality and magnitude of host immune responses do not rely on the genetic background alone, but also depend on several cis- and trans-regulatory factors, epigenetic modifications of genomic DNA...
Abstract: The quality and magnitude of host immune responses do not rely on the genetic background alone, but also depend on several cis- and trans-regulatory factors, epigenetic modifications of genomic DNA...
TL;DR: This issue of the International Reviews of Immunology focuses on the interactions between various cellular and molecular components of innate immunity in the modulation of infectious and non-infectious disease.
Abstract: The mammalian host immunity primarily depends on two kinds of barriers, the innate and adaptive immunity. These barrier consist of various cells and molecules which guard the host against various internal and external threats such as transformed cells and infectious agents, respectively. This issue of the International Reviews of Immunology focuses on the interactions between various cellular and molecular components of innate immunity in the modulation of infectious and non-infectious disease. Multiple factors lead to uncontrolled cells division causing cancer. The abrupt cell division can be sensed and controlled by the immune system, through complex cellular and molecular interactions among the components of immunity and the cancer cell. In the first review, Okla et al., discusses tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within tumor microenvironment (TME), and suggested that these cells possibly induce immunosuppressive microenvironment in ovarian cancer patients or initiate carcinogenesis. The authors also discussed the challenges associated with the investigation of TME and the benefits in overcoming these challenges in the development of diagnostics for ovarian cancer (Fig. 1). Although tuberculosis is an ancient disease infecting one-third world population, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) interaction for the development of new therapeutics, especially due to the emergence of drug-resistant Mtb which is going to be one of the most severe future threat to the human. In the second review, Khan et al. highlights the importance of two distinct types of key innate immune cells namely macrophages and dendritic cells against Mtb. Furthermore, the review also discusses different countermeasures adopted by the Mtb against these cells for immune evasion (Fig. 1).