There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

The path of chemical reactions - the IRC approach

Since the 3rd century for more than a thousand years chemistry has been thought of as a complicated, hard-to-predict science. Efforts to improve even a part of its unpredictable character are said to have born fruit first of all in the success of the \" electronic theory \". This was founded mainly by organic chemists , such as Fry, Stieglitz, Lucas, Lapworth and Sidgwick, brought to a completed form by Robinson and Ingold, and developed later by many other chemists. 1 In the electronic theory, the mode of migration of electrons in molecules is noted and is considered under various judgements. For that purpose, a criterion is necessary with respect to the number of electrons which should originally exist in an atom or a bond in a molecule. Therefore, it can be said to be the concept by Lewis of the sharing of electrons that has given a firm basis to the electronic theory. 2 In the organic electronic theory, the chemical concepts such as acid and base, oxidation and reduction and so on, have been conveniently utilized from a long time ago. Furthermore, there are terms centring closer around the electron concept, such as electrophilicity and nucleophilicity, and electron donor and acceptor both being pairs of relative concepts. One may be aware that these concepts can be connected qualitatively to the scale of electron density or electric charge. In the electronic theory, the static and dynamic behaviours of molecules are explained by the electronic effects which are based on nothing but the distribution of electrons in a molecule. The mode of charge distribution in a molecule can be sketched to some extent by the use of the electronegativity concept of atoms through organic chemical experience. At the same time, it is given foundation, made quantitative , and supported by physical measurements of electron distribution and theoretical calculations based on quantum theory. The distribution of electrons or electric charge-with either use the result is unchanged-in a molecule is usually represented by the total numbers (generally not integer) of electrons in each atom and each bond, and it was a concept easily acceptable even to empirical chemists as having a tolerably realistic meaning. Therefore, chemists employed the electron density as a fundamental concept to explain or to comprehend various phenomena. In particular, for the purpose of promoting chemical investigations, researchers usually rely upon the analogy through experience, and the electron density …

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/218/4574/747.full.pdf

Role of Frontier Orbitals in Chemical Reactions

The ability of platinum and gold catalysts to effect powerful atom-economic transformations has led to a marked increase in their utilization. The quite remarkable correlation of their catalytic behavior with the available structural data, coordination chemistry, and organometallic reactivity patterns, including relativistic effects, allows the underlying principles of catalytic carbophilic activation by π acids to be formulated. The spectrum of reactivity extends beyond their utility as catalytic and benign alternatives to conventional stoichiometric π acids. The resulting reactivity profile allows this entire field of catalysis to be rationalized, and brings together the apparently disparate electrophilic metal carbene and nonclassical carbocation explanations. The advances in coupling, cycloisomerization, and structural reorganization—from the design of new transformations to the improvement to known reactions—are highlighted in this Review. The application of platinum- and gold-catalyzed transformations in natural product synthesis is also discussed.

Catalytic Carbophilic Activation: Catalysis by Platinum and Gold π Acids

Semi-dynamic wireless charging system provides electric power to electric vehicles (EVs) on the point of stopping. This paper proposes a scheme of positioning system in semi-dynamic wireless charging system via magnetic resonance coupling in order to perform sensorless automatic stop control in EVs by using parameters from wireless power transfer system (WPT). Furthermore, this proposed method also selects the stop position where occupies high transmission efficiency and short vehicular gap which leads to energy conservation and traffic jam problem reduction. The experiments demonstrated that the proposed method is able to stop the vehicle at the high transmission efficiency position without any visual sensor.

Sensorless Automatic Stop Control of Electric Vehicle in Semi-dynamic Wireless Charging System

In a control of hard disk drives, perfect tracking control (PTC) method has already obtained high performance. Therefore, the first author and his group study PTC scheme for improving performance of large-scale high-precision stage. Several papers were presented an application of PTC scheme for the control of these stages. In this paper, we investigate a disturbance observer (DOB) which is combined for PTC. The results of simulation and experiment show the advantages of DOB with viscosity model. Finally, it was proved that the combination of PTC and this DOB is very effective strategies for achieving high-speed and high precision tracking control.

High-speed and high-precision tracking control of large-scale stage using perfect tracking control with disturbance observer

Development of dynamic wireless power transfer coils for 3rd generation wireless in-wheel motor

The present invention provides a method for managing a manufacturing apparatus that manufactures a high-performance organic electronic device, irrespective of the configuration of the organic electronic device or the manufacturing apparatus. The management method according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a positioning step for positioning a substrate (2) inside the manufacturing apparatus (1), and a detection step for detecting impurities attached to the substrate (2), the impurities deriving from the materials of the organic electronic device and/or the manufacturing apparatus.

Method for managing manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing organic electronic device

Stereochemie am asymm. si‐atom 15. mitt. stereospezifische hydrosilylierung und h‐d‐austauschrk. von optisch aktiven silanen durch zentren von metallen der 8. gruppe katalysiert

Hiroshi Fujimoto

Papers

Sensorless Automatic Stop Control of Electric Vehicle in Semi-dynamic Wireless Charging System

High-speed and high-precision tracking control of large-scale stage using perfect tracking control with disturbance observer

Development of dynamic wireless power transfer coils for 3rd generation wireless in-wheel motor

Method for managing manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing organic electronic device

Stereochemie am asymm. si‐atom 15. mitt. stereospezifische hydrosilylierung und h‐d‐austauschrk. von optisch aktiven silanen durch zentren von metallen der 8. gruppe katalysiert