https://www.tcd.ie/Physics/people/Graham.Cross/SF%20Poster%202011/Schuh-ActaMater07-Mechanical%20behaviour%20of%20amorphous%20alloys.pdf

Mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys

Perspectives on Titanium Science and Technology

This article presents an overview of the developments in stainless steels made since the 1990s. Some of the new applications that involve the use of stainless steel are also introduced. A brief introduction to the various classes of stainless steels, their precipitate phases and the status quo of their production around the globe is given first. The advances in a variety of subject areas that have been made recently will then be presented. These recent advances include (1) new findings on the various precipitate phases (the new J phase, new orientation relationships, new phase diagram for the Fe–Cr system, etc.); (2) new suggestions for the prevention/mitigation of the different problems and new methods for their detection/measurement and (3) new techniques for surface/bulk property enhancement (such as laser shot peening, grain boundary engineering and grain refinement). Recent developments in topics like phase prediction, stacking fault energy, superplasticity, metadynamic recrystallisation and the calculation of mechanical properties are introduced, too. In the end of this article, several new applications that involve the use of stainless steels are presented. Some of these are the use of austenitic stainless steels for signature authentication (magnetic recording), the utilisation of the cryogenic magnetic transition of the sigma phase for hot spot detection (the Sigmaplugs), the new Pt-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) coronary stents and stainless steel stents that may be used for magnetic drug targeting. Besides recent developments in conventional stainless steels, those in the high-nitrogen, low-Ni (or Ni-free) varieties are also introduced. These recent developments include new methods for attaining very high nitrogen contents, new guidelines for alloy design, the merits/demerits associated with high nitrogen contents, etc.

Recent developments in stainless steels

Objective
To present the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson9s disease.
Background
Although several diagnostic criteria for Parkinson9s disease have been proposed, none have been officially adopted by an official Parkinson society. Moreover, the commonest-used criteria, the UK brain bank, were created more than 25 years ago. In recognition of the lack of standard criteria, the MDS initiated a task force to design new diagnostic criteria for clinical Parkinson9s disease.
Methods/Results
The MDS-PD Criteria are intended for use in clinical research, but may also be used to guide clinical diagnosis. The benchmark is expert clinical diagnosis; the criteria aim to systematize the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by clinicians with less expertise. Although motor abnormalities remain central, there is increasing recognition of non-motor manifestations; these are incorporated into both the current criteria and particularly into separate criteria for prodromal PD. Similar to previous criteria, the MDS-PD Criteria retain motor parkinsonism as the core disease feature, defined as bradykinesia plus rest tremor and/or rigidity. Explicit instructions for defining these cardinal features are included. After documentation of parkinsonism, determination of PD as the cause of parkinsonism relies upon three categories of diagnostic features; absolute exclusion criteria (which rule out PD), red flags (which must be counterbalanced by additional supportive criteria to allow diagnosis of PD), and supportive criteria (positive features that increase confidence of PD diagnosis). Two levels of certainty are delineated: Clinically-established PD (maximizing specificity at the expense of reduced sensitivity), and Probable PD (which balances sensitivity and specificity).
Conclusion
The MDS criteria retain elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omit aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of PD expands, criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate these advances. Disclosure: Dr. Postuma has received personal compensation for activities with Roche Diagnostics Corporation and Biotie Therapies. Dr. Berg has received research support from Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), the German Parkinson Association and Novartis GmbH.

MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's Disease (S19.001)

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Numerical Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow

Erratum: Elastic stiffness and ultrasonic attenuation of superconductor MgB 2 at low temperatures [Phys. Rev. B 66, 052514 (2002)]

A noncontact ultrasonic method is presented to evaluate the thermal aging embrittlement of the cast duplex stainless steels, which uses the shear-wave backscattering noise detected by an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). Duplex stainless steel is a highly damping material, and the pulse-echo measurement for the velocity and attenuation is unavailable. High damping comes from the scattering at boundaries between the austenitic and ferritic phases. But, since little energy is absorbed in the material, the elastic waves impinged by an EMAT last in the sample for a long period (in the order of 10 ms) and are received by the same EMAT as a slowly decaying backscattering noise. The relaxation time coefficient is calculated by integrating the digitized noise signal and is correlated with the aging time. It clearly discriminates four duplex stainless steels aged for 0, 300, 1000, and 3000 h at 673K. The noise decays in a shorter time as the aging period increases. The difference of the noise relaxation rate is interpreted by the phase decomposition of ferrite into Cr-rich α' phase and Fe-rich α phase as supported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Ultrasonic Noise Relaxation for Evaluating Thermal Aging Embrittlement of Duplex Stainless Steels

We develop a methodology to extract the interface stiffness in superlattices using picosecond ultrasound spectroscopy. Ultrafast light pulses excite and detect thickness phonon modes in a five-layered superlattice thin film, consisting of three matrix layers and two ultrathin interlayers. The thickness of interlayer is varied between 2 and 10 A. We define the interface elasticity parameter as the frequency ratio of two phonon modes, which are sensitive and insensitive to the interface elastic constants, and inversely evaluated the elastic stiffness of the interlayer. It is revealed that the interface in the superlattice thin film is significantly softened.

/pdf/extraction-of-interface-stiffness-in-superlattices-proposal-dqt45asq60.pdf

Extraction of Interface Stiffness in Superlattices: Proposal of the Interface Elasticity Parameter

We found that the second through-thickness vibration mode of a gold/silicon-nitride composite thin film is selectively excited by picosecond ultrasound with high efficiency by controlling the thickness ratio. Its mechanical vibration frequency exceeds 50 GHz, making it promising for mass detectors with ultrahigh sensitivity. We developed a theoretical model based on the strain-energy ratio between gold and silicon-nitride layers and successfully explained the enhancement of the second vibration mode. A sensor chip was applied to detect immobilized proteins through the change in resonance frequency.

/pdf/enhancement-of-ultrahigh-frequency-vibration-of-an-au-si3n4-55koa04khv.pdf

Enhancement of ultrahigh-frequency vibration of an Au/Si3N4 composite resonator with picosecond ultrasound

Using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, we monitored the resonance-frequency and internal-friction behaviors of a GaN monocrystal at elevated temperatures. An internal-friction peak appears with increasing temperature, at which reduction of frequency occurs. The frequency shift reflects the disappearance of the apparent piezoelectricity due to hopping conduction of carriers, allowing us to accurately determine the piezoelectric coefficients eij. We measured the frequency decrements of eight vibrational modes to inversely determine three independent eij: Our values are e15=−0.22±0.02 C/m2, e31=−0.14±0.02 C/m2, e33=1.15±0.05 C/m2.

/pdf/piezoelectric-coefficients-of-gan-determined-by-hopping-dwqn7z2qsw.pdf

Hirotsugu Ogi

Papers

Erratum: Elastic stiffness and ultrasonic attenuation of superconductor MgB 2 at low temperatures [Phys. Rev. B 66, 052514 (2002)]

Ultrasonic Noise Relaxation for Evaluating Thermal Aging Embrittlement of Duplex Stainless Steels

Extraction of Interface Stiffness in Superlattices: Proposal of the Interface Elasticity Parameter

Enhancement of ultrahigh-frequency vibration of an Au/Si3N4 composite resonator with picosecond ultrasound

Piezoelectric coefficients of GaN determined by hopping conduction of carriers