A. Water Exchange 2326 B. Proton Exchange 2327 C. Electronic Relaxation 2327 D. Relaxivity 2331 E. Outerand Second-Sphere Relaxivity 2334 F. Methods of Improving Relaxivity 2336 V. Macromolecular Conjugates 2336 A. Introduction 2336 B. General Conjugation Methods 2336 C. Synthetic Linear Polymers 2336 D. Synthetic Dendrimer-Based Agents 2338 E. Naturally Occurring Polymers (Proteins, Polysaccharides, and Nucleic Acids) 2339

https://mriquestions.com/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/lauffer_1999_review.pdf

Gadolinium(III) Chelates as MRI Contrast Agents: Structure, Dynamics, and Applications

Lithium-ion batteries raise safety, environmental, and cost concerns, which mostly arise from their nonaqueous electrolytes. The use of aqueous alternatives is limited by their narrow electrochemical stability window (1.23 volts), which sets an intrinsic limit on the practical voltage and energy output. We report a highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte whose window was expanded to ~3.0 volts with the formation of an electrode-electrolyte interphase. A full lithium-ion battery of 2.3 volts using such an aqueous electrolyte was demonstrated to cycle up to 1000 times, with nearly 100% coulombic efficiency at both low (0.15 C) and high (4.5 C) discharge and charge rates.

"Water-in-salt" electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries.

Artificial Organic Host Molecules for Anions

Structure and nanostructure in ionic liquids.

4. Structure of Ionic Hydration Shells 1351 4.1. Results from Diffraction Experiments 1351 4.1.1. X-ray Diffraction 1351 4.1.2. Neutron Diffraction 1351 4.2. Results from Computer Simulations 1352 4.3. Results from Spectroscopic Measurements 1354 4.3.1. Vibrational Spectroscopic Measurements 1354 4.3.2. EXAFS Spectroscopy 1354 4.3.3. NMR Relaxation Studies 1355 4.3.4. Dielectric Relaxation Studies 1355 4.4. Summary of the Structure of Ionic Hydration Shells 1355

Effect of ions on the structure of water: structure making and breaking.

S t r u c t u r a l S tu d y o n M o lte n ( 7L i, K )C 1 a n d ( 7L i, N a , K )C 1 o f th e E u te c tic C o m p o s itio n by P u ls e d N e u tro n D if fr a c tio n

The intramolecular and liquid structures of tetramethylurea (TMU) were investigated by the liquid x-ray diffraction method. It is confirmed that in the liquid state the four methyl groups are out of the plane which is constructed by the O, C, and the two N atoms, the molecular structure being similar to what had been found in the gas phase. All structural parameters are in good agreement with those of TMU determined in the gas phase and with those of amide derivatives in the liquid phase

Intramolecular and Liquid Structures of Tetramethylurea Studied by Means of X-Ray Diffraction.

Reduction of N2O takes place efficiently at a Hg electode to give only N2 in yields close to 100% in the presence of a small amount of a NiII complex of [15 or 14]aneN4{[15 or 14]aneN4 = 1,4,8,12(or 11)-tetra-azacyclopenta(or tetra)decane} in aqueous solution.

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide to Dinitrogen at a Mercury Electrode Using NiII Complexes of Macrocyclic Polyamines.

The complex formation equilibria between Cd(II) ion and ethylenediaminemonoacetic acid (EDMA) were examined by potentiometry in a 1.0 mol dm−3 NaClO4 solution at (25.00±0.02) °C, and it was found that neither protonated nor hydrolyzed complex was formed in the range of pH from 2 to 10. The formation constants of Cd(II)–EDMA complexes as well as the protonation constants of EDMA anion determined were as follows: logβ101=6.86, logβ102=12.32; logβ011=9.97, logβ021=16.71, logβ031=18.76, where βpqr=[MpHqLr]/[M]p[H]q[L]r. The formation constants were also examined polarographically.

Potentiomeric and Polarographic Studies on Complex Formation of Cadmium(II) Ion with Ethylenediaminemonoacetic Acid

X-Ray scattering measurements have been carried out on ammoniacal aqueous solutions of zinc(II) chloride at the NH3/Zn mole ratios of 3.8, 5.0, and 6.6. The radial distribution curves show that the tetraamminezinc(II) complex is formed as the main species, the ammonia molecules within the complex being tetrahedrally coordinated to zinc(II) ion at a distance of (2.03±0.02) A. Analysis of the radial distribution curve obtained for the solution at the NH3/Zn ratio of 3.8 indicates formation of the mixed complex ZnCl(NH3)3+, the Zn–NH3 and Zn–Cl bond lengths being (2.00±0.03) and (2.30±0.03) A, respectively.

Hitoshi Ohtaki

Papers

S t r u c t u r a l S tu d y o n M o lte n ( 7L i, K )C 1 a n d ( 7L i, N a , K )C 1 o f th e E u te c tic C o m p o s itio n by P u ls e d N e u tro n D if fr a c tio n

Intramolecular and Liquid Structures of Tetramethylurea Studied by Means of X-Ray Diffraction.

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide to Dinitrogen at a Mercury Electrode Using NiII Complexes of Macrocyclic Polyamines.

Potentiomeric and Polarographic Studies on Complex Formation of Cadmium(II) Ion with Ethylenediaminemonoacetic Acid

X-ray diffraction studies on the structures of tetraammine- and triamminemonochlorozinc(ii) ions in aqueous solution