Before the emergence of ultra-wideband (UWB) radios, widely used wireless communications were based on sinusoidal carriers, and impulse technologies were employed only in specific applications (e.g. radar). In 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allowed unlicensed operation between 3.1–10.6 GHz for UWB communication, using a wideband signal format with a low EIRP level (−41.3dBm/MHz). UWB communication systems then emerged as an alternative to narrowband systems and significant effort in this area has been invested at the regulatory, commercial, and research levels.

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques and Antennas and Propagation Announce a Joint Special Issue on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology

The kINPen—a review on physics and chemistry of the atmospheric pressure plasma jet and its applications

The paper presents the improvements, as well as the calibration, on state-of-the-art of measurement made using vector network analysers.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6668/4519456/04519498.pdf

VNA calibration

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Transmission Line Design Handbook

In this paper, a new theoretical analysis of the four-standards line-reflect-reflect-match (LRRM) vector network-analyzer (VNA) calibration technique is presented. As a result, it is shown that the reference-impedance (to which the LRRM calibration is referred) cannot generally be defined whenever nonideal standards are used. Based on this consideration, a new algorithm to determine the on-wafer match standard is proposed that improves the LRRM calibration accuracy. Experimental verification of the new theory and algorithm using on-wafer calibrations up to 40 GHz is given.

/pdf/new-theoretical-analysis-of-the-lrrm-calibration-technique-er02l20wvj.pdf

New theoretical analysis of the LRRM calibration technique for vector network analyzers

A closed-form theory for performing a network analyzer calibration using different Txx procedures is presented. This theory makes it possible to describe all known self-calibration procedures with the same algorithm. The improved properties of this general TAN method in contrast to the conventional TAN procedure are shown by numerical and experimental results. >

Robust algorithms for Txx network analyzer self-calibration procedures

The invention relates to a method for calibrating a vectorial network analyzer having n measurement ports and at least 2n measurement locations (n>1) by successive measurement of the reflection and transmission parameters at different two-port calibration standards, which are connected between the measurement ports in any desired order and must all have a transmission path, and three different n-port calibration standards, which are connected between the measurement ports in any desired order and which are not permitted to show transmission and by calculation of error coefficient and scattering matrix [Sx] with the 10-term or 7-term multiport method An object of the invention is to propagate a method for calibrating these vectorial network analyzer used for multiport measurement which permits a calibration with increased precision and considerable reproducibility of measurement

Calibration method for carrying out multiport measurements on semiconductor wafers

An alternative method for a network analyzer calibration is evaluated. This line network network (LNN) method avoids de-embedding of the device under test (DUT) and it allows the characterization of an unknown two-port inserted between an arbitrary number of cascaded unknown two-ports. An unknown obstacle must be moved on a transmission line into three positions. The LNN calibration technique delivers the electrical wavelength or the relative dielectric constant of the transmission line and the scattering parameters of the obstacle. Since the connectors do not have to be exchanged, nonreproducibilities of the connectors are only a minor problem. Additionally, a double-calibration technique is presented. The double-calibration technique is used to employ the LNN method on both sides of the two-port DUT in order to perform an error-corrected measurement. Experimental results compare the LNN method with the tru-reflect-line (TRL) method particularly for an in-fixture calibration.

Line network network (LNN): an alternative in-fixture calibration procedure

The general method of 1- to n-port network analyzer calibration is described using the classical SOLT model which includes all linear errors of the network analyzer test-sets. This developed GSOLT-procedure works with vector network analyzers with n+1 measurement channels to measure n-port devices with high accuracy. The presented error correction algorithm of the GSOLT-procedure is outstanding regarding the simplicity and numerical robustness. The algorithm allows an easy programming for the correction of measurements of any device independent of the number of ports (1 to n). Experimental results attest to the very good precision of GSOLT error corrected measurements.

GSOLT: the calibration procedure for all multi-port vector network analyzers

This paper presents the derivation of the novel calibration procedure without thru using the one-port calibration standards short, open, match, a comb generator, and a power sensor at each port. The necessary architecture presented of a modified network analyzer to measure a multiport and nonlinear S -parameter is quite simple. This novel procedure without thru allows to measure nonreciprocal transfer functions without any reciprocal two-port or multiport calibration standard. Measurement results exemplify the very good quality of the novel calibration procedure for linear and nonlinear measurements under real-life conditions.

Holger Heuermann

Papers

Robust algorithms for Txx network analyzer self-calibration procedures

Calibration method for carrying out multiport measurements on semiconductor wafers

Line network network (LNN): an alternative in-fixture calibration procedure

GSOLT: the calibration procedure for all multi-port vector network analyzers

Calibration of a Network Analyzer Without a Thru Connection for Nonlinear and Multiport Measurements