https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(09)00015-8.pdf

Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF).

Time-Restricted Feeding without Reducing Caloric Intake Prevents Metabolic Diseases in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Lysine acetylation is a key mechanism that regulates chromatin structure; aberrant acetylation levels have been linked to the development of several diseases. Acetyl-lysine modifications create docking sites for bromodomains, which are small interaction modules found on diverse proteins, some of which have a key role in the acetylation-dependent assembly of transcriptional regulator complexes. These complexes can then initiate transcriptional programmes that result in phenotypic changes. The recent discovery of potent and highly specific inhibitors for the BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal) family of bromodomains has stimulated intensive research activity in diverse therapeutic areas, particularly in oncology, where BET proteins regulate the expression of key oncogenes and anti-apoptotic proteins. In addition, targeting BET bromodomains could hold potential for the treatment of inflammation and viral infection. Here, we highlight recent progress in the development of bromodomain inhibitors, and their potential applications in drug discovery.

Targeting bromodomains: epigenetic readers of lysine acetylation

1.1. Discovery of the Phospholipase A2 Superfamily
Phospholipases represent one of the earliest enzyme activities to be identified and studied and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily (see defining specificity1 in Figure 1) traces its roots to the identification of lytic actions of snake venom at the end of the 19th century. The enzyme was first purified and characterized from cobra venom and later from rattlesnake venom. As protein sequencing methodologies advanced in the 1970’s, it became apparent that these enzymes had an unusually large number of cysteines (over 10% of the amino acids) and as secreted enzymes, that they were all in the form of disulfide bonds. It was further recognized that in the case of PLA2, cobras and rattlesnakes had six disulfides in common, but one disulfide bond is located in distinctly different locations. This led to the designation of Type 1 and Type 2 for cobras (old world snakes) and rattlesnakes (new world snakes), respectively.2 During that same period, studies on the porcine pancreatic digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids led to the determination that this mammalian enzyme (and also the human pancreatic enzyme) had the same disulfide bonding pattern as cobras and hence the designation as IB with the cobra enzyme as IA.






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Figure 1


The specific reaction catalyzed by phospholipase A2 at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone is shown. X, any of a number of polar headgroups; R1, fatty acids, or alkyl, or alkenyl groups and R2, fatty acids or acyl moieties.

/pdf/phospholipase-a2-enzymes-physical-structure-biological-usiwyw5zej.pdf

Phospholipase A2 enzymes: physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention.

The Mechanisms behind the Therapeutic Activity of BET Bromodomain Inhibition

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) promotes regeneration of bone, presumably through the action of concentrated growth factors. However, it is not clear how PRP affects the inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth factors in PRP and to study the effects of PRP on monocyte cytokine release and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) generation.Methods: PRP was prepared from healthy donors. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, PDGF-BB, transforming growth factor-β1, insulin-like growth factor-I, fibroblast growth factor-basic (FGF-b), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-12 (p40/70), and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bead-based multiplexing. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated and cultured with or without PRP. Cytokine, chemokine, and LXA4 levels as well as monocyte chemotactic migration were analyzed.Results: Growth factors were increase...

Platelet-Rich Plasma: Growth Factors and Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Certain human subpopulations are metabolically healthy but obese, or metabolically obese but normal weight; such mutations uncouple obesity from glucose intolerance, revealing pathways implicated in Type 2 diabetes. Current searches for relevant genes consume significant effort. We have reported previously a novel double bromodomain protein called Brd2, which is a transcriptional co-activator/co-repressor with SWI/SNF (switch mating type/sucrose non-fermenting)-like functions that regulates chromatin. In the present study, we show that wholebody disruption of Brd2, an unusual MHC gene, causes lifelong severe obesity in mice with pancreatic islet expansion, hyperinsulinaemia, hepatosteatosis and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, but, surprisingly, enhanced glucose tolerance, elevated adiponectin, increased weight of brown adipose tissue, heat production and expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue, reduced macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue, and lowered blood glucose, leading to an improved metabolic profile and avoiding eventual Type 2 diabetes. Brd2 is highly expressed in pancreatic beta-cells, where it normally inhibits beta-cell mitosis and insulin transcription. In 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, Brd2 normally co-represses PPAR-gamma (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) and inhibits adipogenesis. Brd2 knockdown protects 3T3-L1 adipocytes from TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha)-induced insulin resistance, thereby decoupling inflammation from insulin resistance. Thus hypomorphic Brd2 shifts energy balance toward storage without causing glucose intolerance and may provide a novel model for obese metabolically healthy humans.

/pdf/brd2-disruption-in-mice-causes-severe-obesity-without-type-2-38jzmkygco.pdf

Brd2 disruption in mice causes severe obesity without Type 2 diabetes.

Hyperglycemia associated with diabetes mellitus results in the priming of neutrophils leading to oxidative stress that is, in part, responsible for diabetic complications. p47phox, a NADPH oxidase cytosolic subunit, is a key protein in the assembly of the NADPH oxidase leading to superoxide generation. Little is known about the priming mechanism of oxidative pathways in neutrophils of people with diabetes. In this study, the kinetics of p47phox activation was investigated by comparing neutrophils from diabetic and healthy subjects, and the mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced changes was studied by using neutrophil-like HL-60 cells as a model. In resting neutrophils from diabetic subjects, p47phox prematurely translocates to the cell membrane and preassembles with p22phox, a NADPH oxidase membrane subunit. This premature p47phox translocation and preassembly with p22phox were also observed in HL-60 cells cultured with high glucose (HG; 25 mM) and with the specific ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), S100B. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK, was the primary signaling pathway, as evidenced by PD98059 suppressing the translocation of p47phox in HL-60 cells incubated with HG and S100B. HL-60 cells cultured in HG and S100B exhibited a 1.8-fold increase in fMLP-induced superoxide generation compared with those cultured in normal glucose (5.5 mM). These data suggest that HG and increased AGE prime neutrophils and increase oxidative stress inducing the translocation of p47phox to the cell membrane and preassembly with p22phox by stimulating a RAGE-ERK1/2 pathway.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1189/jlb.1207832

Priming of neutrophil oxidative burst in diabetes requires preassembly of the NADPH oxidase.

/pdf/platelet-rich-plasma-growth-factors-and-pro-and-anti-40zoqblo6n.pdf

Platelet-Rich Plasma: Growth Factors and Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory

Neutrophils from people with poorly controlled diabetes present a primed phenotype and secrete excessive superoxide. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-derived arachidonic acid (AA) activates the assembly of NADPH oxidase to generate superoxide anion. There is a gap in the current literature regarding which PLA2 isoform regulates NADPH oxidase activation. The aim of this study was to identify the PLA2 isoform involved in the regulation of superoxide generation in neutrophils and investigate if PLA2 mediates priming in response to pathologic hyperglycemia. Neutrophils were isolated from people with diabetes mellitus and healthy controls, and HL60 neutrophil-like cells were grown in hyperglycemic conditions. Incubating neutrophils with the Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL) completely suppressed fMLP-induced generation of superoxide. The nonspecific actions of BEL on phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase-1, p47phox phosphorylation, and apoptosis were ruled out by specific assays. Small interfering RNA knockdown of iPLA2 inhibited superoxide generation by neutrophils. Neutrophils from people with poorly controlled diabetes and in vitro incubation of neutrophils with high glucose and the receptor for advanced glycation end products ligand S100B greatly enhanced superoxide generation compared with controls, and this was significantly inhibited by BEL. A modified iPLA2 assay, Western blotting, and PCR confirmed that there was increased iPLA2 activity and expression in neutrophils from people with diabetes. AA (10 μM) partly rescued the inhibition of superoxide generation mediated by BEL, confirming that NADPH oxidase activity is, in part, regulated by AA. This study provides evidence for the role of iPLA2 in enhanced superoxide generation in neutrophils from people with diabetes mellitus and presents an alternate pathway independent of protein kinase C and phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase-1 hydrolase signaling.

Hongsheng Liu

Papers

Platelet-Rich Plasma: Growth Factors and Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Brd2 disruption in mice causes severe obesity without Type 2 diabetes.

Priming of neutrophil oxidative burst in diabetes requires preassembly of the NADPH oxidase.

Platelet-Rich Plasma: Growth Factors and Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory

Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress Is Mediated by Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2 in Neutrophils