Hui Tang

TL;DR: The second version of the coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is presented and evaluated in this article, which employs entirely different ocean and ocean biogeochemistry models, including a different module for aerosol physics and chemistry, including interactions with cloud and radiation.

TL;DR: In this paper, sensitivity experiments considering the diachronous growth of different parts of the Asian orography are performed using the regional climate model COSMO-CLM to investigate their effects on the Asian summer monsoons.

TL;DR: It is suggested that species with evolutionary novelties arise predominantly in “species factories” that develop under harsh environmental conditions, under dominant physical forcing, whereas exceptionally mild environments give rise to “oases in the desert,” characterized by strong competition and survival of relics.

TL;DR: NorESM2 as discussed by the authors is based on the second version of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), but has entirely different ocean and ocean biogeochemistry models; a new module for aerosols in the atmosphere model along with aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions and changes related to the moist energy formulation, deep convection scheme and angular momentum conservation; modified albedo and air-sea turbulent flux calculations; and minor changes to land and sea ice models.

TL;DR: The relative weights of physical forcing and biotic interaction as drivers of evolutionary change have been debated in evolutionary theory as discussed by the authors, and it has been shown that these primary units of biological evolution arise and wane in coincidence with major climatic change.