https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(18)32594-7.pdf

The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: shaping the health of nations for centuries to come

The deliberative practitioner: Encouraging participatory planning processes.

The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change

基因科学与亲子鉴定——国际流行病与公众健康杂志J Epidemiol Community Health

Urban heat islands (UHIs) exacerbate the risk of heat-related mortality associated with global climate change. The intensity of UHIs varies with population size and mean annual precipitation, but a unifying explanation for this variation is lacking, and there are no geographically targeted guidelines for heat mitigation. Here we analyse summertime differences between urban and rural surface temperatures (ΔTs) worldwide and find a nonlinear increase in ΔTs with precipitation that is controlled by water or energy limitations on evapotranspiration and that modulates the scaling of ΔTs with city size. We introduce a coarse-grained model that links population, background climate, and UHI intensity, and show that urban–rural differences in evapotranspiration and convection efficiency are the main determinants of warming. The direct implication of these nonlinearities is that mitigation strategies aimed at increasing green cover and albedo are more efficient in dry regions, whereas the challenge of cooling tropical cities will require innovative solutions. The effect of cities on urban climate (often warmer but sometimes cooler than their surroundings) is largely explained by local hydroclimate and patterns of city development.

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Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)60435-8.pdf

Ian Scott

Papers

Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century