Recently, novel and uniform deformation-induced pattern transformations have been found in periodic elastomeric cellular solids upon reaching a critical value of applied load [ Mullin, T., Deschanel, S., Bertoldi, K., Boyce, M.C., 2007. Pattern transformation triggered by deformation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 084301 ; Boyce, M.C., Prange, S.M., Bertoldi, K., Deschanel, S., Mullin, T., 2008. Mechanics of periodic elastomeric structures. In: Boukamel, Laiarinandrasana, Meo, Verron (Eds.), Constitutive Models for Rubber, vol. V. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp. 3–7 ]. Here, the mechanics of the deformation behavior of several periodically patterned two-dimensional elastomeric sheets are investigated experimentally and through numerical simulation. Square and oblique lattices of circular voids and rectangular lattices of elliptical voids are studied. The numerical results clearly show the mechanism of the pattern switch for each microstructure to be a form of local elastic instability, giving reversible and repeatable transformation events as confirmed by experiments. Post-deformation transformation is observed to accentuate the new pattern and is found to be elastic and to occur at nearly constant stress, resulting in a superelastic behavior. The deformation-induced transformations have been physically realized on structures constructed at the millimeter length scale. This behavior should also persist at the micro and nano length scales, providing opportunities for transformative photonic and phononic crystals which can switch in a controlled manner and also exploiting the phenomenon to imprint complex patterns.

https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bertoldi/files/jmps2008.pdf

Mechanics of deformation-triggered pattern transformations and superelastic behavior in periodic elastomeric structures

Outside of the classical microstructural detail-free estimates of effective moduli, micromechanical analyses of macroscopically uniform heterogeneous media may be grouped into two categories based on different geometric representations of material microstructure. Analysis of periodic materials is based on the repeating unit cell (RUC) concept and the associated periodic boundary conditions. This contrasts with analysis of statistically homogeneous materials based on the representative volume element (RVE) concept and the associated homogeneous boundary conditions. In this paper, using the above classification framework we provide a critical review of the various micromechanical approaches that had evolved along different paths, and outline recent emerging trends. We begin with the basic framework for the solution of micromechanics problems independent of microstructural representation, and then clarify the often confused RVE and RUC concepts. Next, we describe classical models, including the available RVE-based models, and critically examine their limitations. This is followed by discussion of models based on the concept of microstructural periodicity. In the final part, two recent unit cell-based models, which continue to evolve, are outlined. First, a homogenization technique called finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics theory is presented as a viable and easily implemented alternative to the mainstream finite-element based asymptotic homogenization of unit cells. The recent incorporation of parametric mapping into this approach has made it competitive with the finite-element method. Then, the latest work based on locally-exact solutions of unit cell problems is described. In this approach, the interior unit cell problem is solved exactly using the elasticity approach. The exterior problem is tackled with a new variational principle that successfully overcomes the non-separable nature of the overall unit cell problem.

Micromechanics of spatially uniform heterogeneous media: A critical review and emerging approaches

Micro-macromechanical analysis of heterogeneous materials: Macroscopically homogeneous vs periodic microstructures

In this paper, we establish a homogenization framework to analyze the microscopic symmetric bifurcation buckling of cellular solids subjected to macroscopically uniform compression. To this end, describing the principle of virtual work for infinite periodic materials in the updated Lagrangian form, we build a homogenization theory of finite deformation, which satisfies the principle of material objectivity. Then, we state a postulate that at the onset of microscopic symmetric bifurcation, microscopic velocity becomes spontaneous, yet changing the sign of such spontaneous velocity has no influence on the variation in macroscopic states. By applying this postulate to the homogenization theory, we derive the conditions to be satisfied at the onset of microscopic symmetric bifurcation. The resulting conditions are verified by analyzing numerically the in-plane biaxial buckling of an elastic hexagonal honeycomb. It is thus shown that three kinds of experimentally observed buckling modes of honeycombs i.e., uniaxial, biaxial and flower-like modes, are attained and classified as microscopic symmetric bifurcation. It is also shown that the multiplicity of bifurcation gives rise to the complex cell-patterns in the biaxial and flower-like modes.

Microscopic symmetric bifurcation condition of cellular solids based on a homogenization theory of finite deformation

The objective of this contribution is to present a unifying review on strain-driven computational homogenization at finite strains, thereby elaborating on computational aspects of the finite element method. The underlying assumption of computational homogenization is separation of length scales, and hence, computing the material response at the macroscopic scale from averaging the microscopic behavior. In doing so, the energetic equivalence between the two scales, the Hill–Mandel condition, is guaranteed via imposing proper boundary conditions such as linear displacement, periodic displacement and antiperiodic traction, and constant traction boundary conditions. Focus is given on the finite element implementation of these boundary conditions and their influence on the overall response of the material. Computational frameworks for all canonical boundary conditions are briefly formulated in order to demonstrate similarities and differences among the various boundary conditions. Furthermore, we detail on the computational aspects of the classical Reuss’ and Voigt’s bounds and their extensions to finite strains. A concise and clear formulation for computing the macroscopic tangent necessary for FE calculations is presented. The performances of the proposed schemes are illustrated via a series of twoand three-dimensional numerical examples. The numerical examples provide enough details to serve as benchmarks. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4034024]

/pdf/aspects-of-computational-homogenization-at-finite-4jj9ulnomt.pdf

Aspects of Computational Homogenization at Finite Deformations: A Unifying Review From Reuss' to Voigt's Bound

Two-scale kinematics and linearization for simultaneous two-scale analysis of periodic heterogeneous solids at finite strain

Appropriate number of unit cells in a representative volume element for micro-structural bifurcation encountered in a multi-scale modeling

Cyclic shear force–slip behavior of studs under alternating and pulsating load condition

Illuminative deformation patterns of a honeycomb structure are presented. A representative volume element of a honeycomb structure consisting of 2 × 2 hexagonal cells is modeled to be a -equivariant system. The bifurcation mechanism and an exhaustive list of possible bifurcated patterns are obtained by group-theoretic bifurcation theory. A flower mode of the honeycomb is shown to have the same symmetry as the so-called anti-hexagon in the Rayleigh–Benard convection. A numerical bifurcation analysis is conducted on an elastic in-plane honeycomb structure consisting of 2×2 cells to produce beautiful wallpapers of bifurcating deformation patterns and, in turn, to highlight the achievement of the paper. New deformation patterns of a honeycomb structure have been found and classified in a systematic manner. Knowledge of the symmetries of the bifurcating solutions has turned out to be vital in the successful numerical tracing of the bifurcated paths. This paper paves the way for the introduction of the results hitherto obtained for flow patterns in fluid dynamics into the study of patterns on materials.

Isao Saiki

Papers

Two-scale kinematics and linearization for simultaneous two-scale analysis of periodic heterogeneous solids at finite strain

Appropriate number of unit cells in a representative volume element for micro-structural bifurcation encountered in a multi-scale modeling

Cyclic shear force–slip behavior of studs under alternating and pulsating load condition

Flower patterns appearing on a honeycomb structure and their bifurcation mechanism

A modification of the Mori–Tanaka estimate of average elastoplastic behavior of composites and polycrystals with interfacial debonding