Pedagosko i psiholosko testiranje i procjenjivanje spadaju među najvažnije doprinose znanosti o ponasanju nasem drustvu i pružaju temeljna i znacajna poboljsanja u odnosu na ranije postupke. Iako se ne može ustvrditi da su svi testovi dovoljno usavrseni niti da su sva testiranja razborita i korisna, postoji velika kolicina informacija koje ukazuju na ucinkovitost kvalitetnih instrumenata u onim situacijama u kojima je njihovo koristenje potkrijepljeno validacijskim podacima. Pravilna upotreba testova može dovesti do boljih odluka o pojedincima i programima nego sto bi to bio slucaj bez njihovog koristenja, a također i ukazati na put za siri i pravedniji pristup obrazovanju i zaposljavanju. Međutim, losa upotreba testova može dovesti do zamjetne stete nanesene ispitanicima i drugim sudionicima u procesu donosenja odluka na temelju testovnih podataka. Cilj Standarda je promoviranje kvalitetne i eticne upotrebe testova te uspostavljanje osnovice za ocjenu kvalitete postupaka testiranja. Svrha objavljivanja Standarda je uspostavljanje kriterija za evaluaciju testova, provedbe testiranja i posljedica upotrebe testova. Iako bi evaluacija prikladnosti testa ili njegove primjene trebala ovisiti prvenstveno o strucnim misljenjima, Standardi pružaju okvir koji osigurava obuhvacanje svih relevantnih pitanja. Bilo bi poželjno da svi autori, sponzori, nakladnici i korisnici profesionalnih testova usvoje Standarde te da poticu druge da ih također prihvate.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

Sustainable Development Goals

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)61238-0.pdf

No health without mental health.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic emerged in Wuhan, China, spread nationwide and then onto half a dozen other countries between December 2019 and early 2020. The implementation of unprecedented strict quarantine measures in China has kept a large number of people in isolation and affected many aspects of people's lives. It has also triggered a wide variety of psychological problems, such as panic disorder, anxiety and depression. This study is the first nationwide large-scale survey of psychological distress in the general population of China during the COVID-19 epidemic.

https://gpsych.bmj.com/content/gpsych/33/2/e100213.full.pdf

A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations

Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence.

ContextLittle is known about the impact of trauma in postconflict, low-income
countries where people have survived multiple traumatic experiences.ObjectiveTo establish the prevalence rates of and risk factors for posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) in 4 postconflict, low-income countries.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsEpidemiological survey conducted between 1997 and 1999 among survivors
of war or mass violence (aged ≥16 years) who were randomly selected from
community populations in Algeria (n = 653), Cambodia (n = 610), Ethiopia (n
= 1200), and Gaza (n = 585).Main Outcome MeasurePrevalence rates of PTSD, assessed using the PTSD module of the Composite
International Diagnostic Interview version 2.1 and evaluated in relation to
traumatic events, assessed using an adapted version of the Life Events and
Social History Questionnaire.ResultsThe prevalence rate of assessed PTSD was 37.4% in Algeria, 28.4% in
Cambodia, 15.8% in Ethiopia, and 17.8% in Gaza. Conflict-related trauma after
age 12 years was the only risk factor for PTSD that was present in all 4 samples.
Torture was a risk factor in all samples except Cambodia. Psychiatric history
and current illness were risk factors in Cambodia (adjusted odds ratio [OR],
3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3-5.4 and adjusted OR,1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7,
respectively) and Ethiopia (adjusted OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.0-7.4 and adjusted
OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7, respectively). Poor quality of camp was associated
with PTSD in Algeria (adjusted OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5) and in Gaza (adjusted
OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8). Daily hassles were associated with PTSD in Algeria
(adjusted OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4). Youth domestic stress, death or separation
in the family, and alcohol abuse in parents were associated with PTSD in Cambodia
(adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6; adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.8; and
adjusted OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4, respectively).ConclusionsUsing the same assessment methods, a wide range of rates of symptoms
of PTSD were found among 4 low-income populations who have experienced war,
conflict, or mass violence. We identified specific patterns of risk factors
per country. Our findings indicate the importance of contextual differences
in the study of traumatic stress and human rights violations.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/194062/JOC10164.pdf

Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings.

Clinically, a long asylum procedure seems to be associated with psychiatric disorders. However, data on this issue are lacking. In a national community-based study, using random sampling, we compared two groups of Iraqi asylum seekers, who had resided less than 6 months (N = 143) and more than 2 years (N= 151), respectively, in The Netherlands. Respondents were interviewed with fully structured, culturally validated, translated questionnaires. Psychiatric (DSM-IV) disorders were measured with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1 and evaluated in relation with premigration and postmigration adverse life events. Overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 42% in the first group and 66.2% in the second. The prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and somatoform disorders were significantly higher in the second group. Posttraumatic stress disorder was high in both groups but did not differ (p > .05). On logistic regression of all relevant risk factors, a long asylum procedure showed an odds ratio of 2.16 (confidence interval = 1.15-4.08) for psychopathology. The conclusion is that, indeed, the duration of the asylum procedure is an important risk factor for psychiatric problems. Both politicians and mental health workers should take note of this finding.

Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(03)13692-6.pdf

Common mental disorders in postconflict settings.

Context.—Most of the world's refugees are displaced within the developing world.
The impact of torture on such refugees is unknown.Objective.—To examine the impact of torture on Bhutanese refugees in Nepal.Design.—Case-control survey. Interviews were conducted by local physicians and
included demographics, questions related to the torture experienced, a checklist
of 40 medical complaints, and measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
anxiety, and depression.Setting.—Bhutanese refugee community in the United Nations refugee camps in the
Terai in eastern Nepal.Participants.—A random sample of 526 tortured refugees and a control group of 526
nontortured refugees matched for age and sex.Main Outcome Measures.—The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Revised Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria
for PTSD and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) for depression and
anxiety.Results.—The 2 groups were similar on most demographic variables. The tortured
refugees, as a group, suffered more on 15 of 17 DSM-III-R PTSD symptoms (P<.005) and had higher
HSCL-25 anxiety and depression scores (P<.001)
than nontortured refugees. Logistic regression analysis showed that history
of torture predicted PTSD symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval
[CI], 2.7-8.0), depression symptoms (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.6), and anxiety
symptoms (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9). Torture survivors who were Buddhist were
less likely to be depressed (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9) or anxious (OR, 0.7;
95% CI, 0.4-1.0). Those who were male were less likely to experience anxiety
(OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-1.00). Tortured refugees also presented more musculoskeletal
system– and respiratory system–related complaints (P<.001 for both).Conclusion.—Torture plays a significant role in the development of PTSD, depression,
and anxiety symptoms among refugees from Bhutan living in the developing world.

/pdf/impact-of-torture-on-refugees-displaced-within-the-2cj8jd2sqn.pdf

Ivan H. Komproe

Papers

Lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings.

Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands.

Common mental disorders in postconflict settings.

Impact of Torture on Refugees Displaced Within the Developing World Symptomatology Among Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal

Characteristics of the Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale in The Netherlands.